Zamkati
Pulogalamu ya mafuta ndi iwo omwe magwero awo adayambiranso kuchuluka kwa zinthu zakuthupi (zotsalira zazomera) zomwe zidapangidwa zaka mamiliyoni zapitazo ndikuikidwa m'manda apansi panthaka, pomwe kukakamizidwa, kutentha ndi zina mwazinthu zamagulu amthupi zimayambitsa kusintha kwakukulu komwe zotsatira zake ndi, ndendende, zinthu zamphamvu kwambiri.
Amatha kukutumikirani:
- Zitsanzo za ma Hydrocarbon
- Zitsanzo za Zowonjezera Zowonjezera
- Zitsanzo za Zowonjezera Zosatheka
- Zitsanzo za Mavuto Azachilengedwe
Mafuta ndi zopangira zamagetsi Zosasinthika, popeza pakadali pano amadya mwachangu kwambiri kuposa momwe adapangira.
Mphamvu zambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito padziko lapansi lero zimachokera pakuyaka kwa mitundu iyi yazinthu, zonse kupanga magetsi ndi chakudya mafakitale mankhwala, monga magalimoto ofalitsa, zipinda zowunikira, kuphika kapena kutentha nyumba.
Kugwiritsa ntchito padziko lonse lapansi kumeneku kumachitika chifukwa chosavuta kutulutsa, malo ambiri omwe alipo padziko lonse lapansi ndi mtengo wake wachuma komanso ukadaulo wosavuta, poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina yamphamvu kwambiri kapena yopanda phindu.
Komabe, kuyaka kwa mafuta kumatulutsa mpweya wochuluka (carbon monoxide, mpweya wa sulfurous, carcinogens, etc.) ndipo ndi imodzi mwazomwe zimayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe ndi kusintha kwa nyengo koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 2000.
Pali mafuta anayi odziwika bwino:
Makala
Mchere uwu ndi zotsatira za sedimentation ya chomera chisanachitike chimatsalira (Akuyerekeza kuti nthawi ya Carboniferous, pafupifupi zaka 300 miliyoni zapitazo) m'malo okhala ndi mpweya wochepa komanso kuthamanga kwambiri komanso kutentha.
Njira yotere ya mchere Kudzera pakupindulitsanso kaboni, imatulutsa zolimba ndi mphamvu yayikulu yamagetsi, yogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakupanga mphamvu komanso pamakampani azida (mapulasitiki, mafuta, utoto, ndi zina zambiri).
Pali mitundu inayi yayikulu ya malasha: peat, lignite, malasha, ndi anthracite, omwe adakonzedwa pano kuchokera kutsika mpaka kutsika kwambiri kwa kaboni. Izi zidagwira gawo lofunikira pakukonzanso kwa Industrial and development of steam steam, mpaka pomwe adasamutsidwa ndi mafuta. Malo osungira amakala akulu kwambiri ali ku US, Russia ndi China.
Gasi wachilengedwe
Ndikophatikiza kopepuka kwa ma hydrocarbon gaseous, yochotsedwa pamadipo odziyimira pawokha (yaulere) kapena mafuta kapena malasha (omwe amagwirizanitsidwa).
Pazochitika zonsezi, zimapangidwa ndi kuwonongeka kwa anaerobic (kopanda oxygen) ya zinthu zakuthupi ndipo ndi olekanitsidwa ndi zida zake zazikulu komanso zothandiza, monga methane (zopitilira 90% zake, zambiri), ethane (mpaka 11%), propane (mpaka 3.7%), butane (osakwana 0.7%), limodzi ndi nayitrogeni ndi kaboni dayokisaidi, mwa zina mpweya, kuda sulfa ndi zosawonongeka.
Pulogalamu ya nkhokwe zachilengedwe zazikulu padziko lapansi zili ku Middle East (mpaka 43% yapadziko lonse lapansi, makamaka ku Iran ndi Qatar), ndikukhala mafuta osunthika komanso owononga pang'ono kuposa mafuta ena (zotsalira zochepa za CO22), imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gwero lamagetsi (makamaka Compressed Natural Gas ndi Liquefied Natural Gas) komanso ngati gwero la caloric, m'nyumba ndi m'mafakitale ndi njira zoyendera.
Mafuta amadzimadzi
LPG ndi chophatikiza makamaka cha propane ndi butane, chomwe chimapezeka mu gasi kapena chimasungunuka ndi mafuta osakongola, omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe osasunthika mosavuta (yasanduka madzi).
Zomwe zimapangidwa pafupipafupi ndi mafuta opangira mafuta (FCC), omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati mafuta am'nyumba, kutengera mphamvu zawo zaku caloric komanso chitetezo chokwanira, komanso kupeza ma olefin (alangalikwa mafakitale.
Mafuta
Madzi amafuta awa, amdima komanso wandiweyani ndi osakanikirana ndi ma hydrocarboni ovuta kusungunuka m'madzi (parafini, naphthenes ndi aromatics), omwe amapangidwa m'madamu akuya kosiyanasiyana (pakati pa 600 ndi 5,000 mita) m'magawo ang'onoang'ono.
Monga mafuta ena akale, ndi chida cha kudzikundikira kwa zinthu zakuthupi (zooplankton ndi algae makamaka) pansi pa nyanja ndi nyanja zamakedzana, zomwe zimayikidwa m'manda pansi pamavuto komanso kutentha. Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwake komanso miyala yonyentchera, ma hydrocarbon awa amakwera pamwamba kapena atsekeredwa m'mafuta.
Pulogalamu ya Mafuta Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyambira kalekale ngati mafuta, pigment kapena mafuta, koma mpaka m'zaka za zana la 19 ndi Revolution ya Zamalonda pomwe zida zake zamagetsi zidapezeka, ndikupitiliza kugwiritsa ntchito ndikugwiritsa ntchito popanga mafuta (mafuta, dizilo, palafini) yogwiritsira ntchito magalimoto kapena magetsi, komanso zopangira mu makampani azida ndi zida.
Pakadali pano ikuyimira imodzi mwamagawo apakatikati azachuma komanso azachuma pantchito zachuma padziko lonse lapansi, zomwe kusinthasintha kwa kupanga ndi kutsatsa kumatha kukhudza kuchepa kwachuma kwa anthu.
Mndandanda wa Zachokera ku mafuta ndi yayikulu, kuyambira ma polisters ndi mapulasitiki kupita ku mpweya woyaka ndi zakumwa, zosungunulira, inki ndi nthawi yayitali kwambiri.
Komabe, kuchotsedwa kwake ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwake kumawonetsa vuto lalikulu lazachilengedwe chifukwa chosasungunuka m'madzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuyeretsa pakakhala kutayika, ndikupatsidwa kuchuluka kwa zinthu zakupha zomwe kuyaka kwake kumaphatikizira: lead, carbon dioxide, monoxide kaboni, sulfure oxides, nitrous oxides ndi zinthu zina zomwe zimawononga moyo komanso chilengedwe cha dziko lapansi.
- Zitsanzo za ma Hydrocarbon
- Zitsanzo za Zowonjezera Zowonjezera
- Zitsanzo za Zowonjezera Zosatheka
- Zitsanzo za Masoka Achilengedwe
- Zitsanzo za Mavuto Azachilengedwe
