Zamkati
Pulogalamu yazotsalira, pachilengedwe, limatanthawuza kuchuluka kwa zinthu zamoyo zomwe zili mwa munthu, gulu la a unyolo wa chakudya, kuchuluka kwa anthu kapena chilengedwe, chofotokozedwa kulemera kwake pamlingo umodzi.
Kumbali inayi, zotsalira zazomera ndizonso zinthu zopangidwa mwachilengedwe, zongochitika zokha kapena zopsa mtima, ndikukhala ndi zofunikira kuti zikhale mphamvu zoyaka. Tikhoza kutanthauzira tanthauzo lomalizali kuti "zachilengedwe zotsalira", popeza gawo lomwe limakondweretsedwa ndilopeza mafuta a mafuta (zaulimi).
Nthawi imeneyi yakhala yofunikira kwambiri kuyambira pomwe biofuels adayamba, zofunikira ngati njira ina mafuta ndi msika wake wosinthasintha. Komabe, “zinthu zakuthupi” zofunika kuzitsamba nthawi zambiri zimasokonezedwa ndi chinthu chamoyondiye kuti, ndi yomwe imagwirizanitsa fayilo ya zamoyo ngati mitengo (ngakhale makungwa ambiri omwe amawathandiza atha kufa).
Komanso kulakwitsa kugwiritsa ntchito mawuwa zotsalira monga mawu ofanana ndi kuthekera mphamvu chomwe chimati zinthu zamoyo zili ndi, koposa china chilichonse chifukwa ubale wapakati pazochulukirapo zogwiritsa ntchito ndi mphamvu zomwe zitha kupezedwa ndizosiyana ndipo zimadalira pazinthu zambiri.
"Zothandiza" zotsalira zazomera
Zotsalira imagwira ntchito kuti ipeze mphamvu. Kwa izi, kutengera kugwiritsa ntchito njira za kuvunda Zachilengedwe zomwe zimayang'aniridwa ndi chilengedwe, kuti mupeze zosakaniza za ma hydrocarbon mphamvu, makamaka pokhudzana ndi kuyatsa magetsi oyaka mkati, monga omwe ali mgalimoto.
Titha kuzindikira mitundu itatu ya zotsalira zazomera:
- Zachilengedwe zachilengedwe. Zomwe zimapangidwa popanda kulowererapo kwa munthu, monga kugwa kwamasamba mu Nkhalango.
- Zotsalira zotsalira. Ndi zotsalira kapena zopangidwa ndi zina zochitika zachuma, monga ulimi, ziweto, nkhalango kapena msika wazakudya, kapenanso mafuta obwezeretsanso.
- Mbewu zamagetsi. Zomera zonse zomwe zimayenera kupeza ma biofuels, zimayang'ana mtundu wina wa masamba kapena zipatso zomwe mphamvu zake zimakhala zazikulu.
Ubwino ndi zovuta za biomass
Kugwiritsa ntchito biomass ngati mafuta kumakhala ndi zinthu zabwino komanso zoyipa:
- Sichiipitsa pang'ono. Poyerekeza ndi mafuta ndi zotumphukira, kapena malasha, biofuels amapanga ma CO ochepa2 komanso kuchepa kwa chilengedwe, ngakhale izi sizitanthauza kuti ndi mafuta obiriwira kwenikweni.
- Gwiritsani ntchito zotsalira. Zambiri mwazinthu zomwe nthawi zambiri mumapereka kwa zinyalala kapena kuwola mopanda phindu, imakhala ndi mphamvu inayake ikagwiritsidwa ntchito monga zopangira a mafuta. Izi zimapangitsa kuti izi zikhale zotsika mtengo komanso zosavuta kupeza.
- Osagwira ntchito ngati mafuta ena. Poyerekeza ndi mafuta, magwiridwe awo ndi osakwanira kukhala, pakadali pano, njira ina yabwino polimbana ndi kufunikira kwa mphamvu zapadziko lonse lapansi.
- Zimabweretsa zovuta pamakhalidwe. Kuposa china chilichonse chokhudzana ndi kusintha kwa chakudya (chimanga, zipatso, tirigu ndi mbewu monga chimanga) kuchokera ku makampani kuchokera ku chakudya kupita ku mphamvu, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri kupeza mafuta kuposa kudyetsa anthu anjala.
Zitsanzo za zotsalira zazomera
- Nkhuni. Chitsanzo chapadera chogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zakuthupi ndikutolera nkhuni kuti ziwotchedwe ndikupeza kutentha, zonse kutentha nyumba kudzera mu chimney, ndikuwotcha moto womwe umaphika chakudya. Njirayi idayamba kalekale ndipo idakalipobe pakati pa miyambo ya anthu.
- Mtedza ndi zipolopolo za mbewu. Izi zinyalala Zakudya za zakudya nthawi zambiri zimatayidwa mu zinyalala, koma zimakhala ndi zoyaka zosayerekezeka. M'nyumba zambiri zakumidzi amasungidwa ndikugwiritsa ntchito kuyatsa moto, kapenanso kupeza mafuta a masamba a mafuta.
- Zotsalira. Zinthu zomwe zatsalira pazakudya zathu zimakhala ndi mphamvu zochepa, osati chakudya cha manyowa okha komanso feteleza wa nthaka, komanso kupeza ma biogas kudzera munjira ya chimbudzi cha anaerobic (popanda mpweya). Pulogalamu ya mabakiteriya nyenyezi iyi pochita izi imatulutsa methane wambiri, wofanana ndi zomwe zimachitika m'matumbo mwathu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti biogas izitha kuyaka.
- Beets, nzimbe, chimanga. Zipatso zokhala ndi shuga wambiri, monga nzimbe, beet, chimanga, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kupeza bioethanol, kudzera mu Njira yothira yofanana ndi yomwe imapezanso zakumwa zoledzeretsa, chifukwa zimatulutsa mowa wothira madzi. 5% yamadzi amachotsedwa mu mowa womwewo ndipo mafuta ogwiritsidwa ntchito mwamphamvu amapezeka, ofanana ndi mafuta.
- Zimayambira, zotsalira zodulira, matabwa ndi masamba ena. Zakudya monga mapadi, sitashi ndi zina zimasungidwa munyama yazomera chakudya chipatso cha photosynthesis, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zotsalira zazomera pakusintha njira yosinthira shuga kuti ipeze ma biofuels. Zambiri mwa zotsalazo zimangotoleredwa popanda kupereka chakudya, chifukwa mbewu zambiri zimayenera kudulidwa, kubzalidwa kapena kuzulidwa pambuyo pobala zipatso ndipo nthawi zambiri amatayidwa.
- Chimanga, tirigu, manyuchi, balere, ndi mbewu zina. Zofanana ndi kupeza mowa, awa dzinthu ndi ndiwo zamasamba ndizolemera kwambiri, zomwe zimakhala zopatsa mphamvu zomwe bioethanol imatha kupezeka kudzera mu nayonso mphamvu ya mowa.
- Utuchi kapena utuchi. Gwero limodzi la zotsalira zazomera limapezeka mumitengo yambiri ya ufa womwe umatayidwa ndi makina opangira matabwa komanso mafakitale amitengo. Fumbi lonseli limakhala ndi mafuta ofanana ndi nkhuni, komanso kukhala gwero la mapadi kuti mupeze shuga wokhoza m'mabioalcohols.
- Vinyo ayenera ndi vinyo wosasulidwa. Vinyo wovunda ndipo zotsalira zomwe amapanga ndi magwero a zotsalira, chifukwa zimapereka mowa wosaphika womwe sulfure dioxide (SO2), katundu wawo wa methanol (wowononga mpaka injini zoyaka) ndipo pamapeto pake atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupeza bioethanol.
- Zinyalala za ziweto. Ziweto ndi gwero lofunikira lazinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zitha kukhala ngati zotsalira zazomera, monga zonyansa zonyamula zinyama (zomwe zimadya chakudya chokhacho cha mapadi a masamba zikulonjeza) kapena mafuta omwe atsalira pakugwiritsa ntchito nyama.
- Mafuta otsalira apanyumba. Gwero la zotsalira zamadzi ndi mafuta omwe timataya tikaphika, omwe amapangidwa kuchokera ku mpendadzuwa, canola, ngakhale azitona, mwachidule, ndiwo zamasamba. Kupanga biodiesel kuchokera kwa iwo kumafuna ntchito ya kusefedwa kuchokera kuzinyalala zolimba, masitepe a transesterification otembenuza triglycerides kukhala methyl esters, komanso kuwonjezera kwa methanol. Pambuyo polepheretsa pH Zotsatira zake, biodiesel ndi glycerol zimapezeka. Otsatirawa amachotsedwa ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga sopo, pomwe biodiesel imatsukidwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mafuta.
Itha kukutumikirani: Zitsanzo za Mphamvu m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku
