Zitsanzo za Mapiri, mapiri ndi zigwa - Encyclopedia

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Zitsanzo za mapiri
Zitsanzo zamapiri
Zitsanzo za zigwa

Pulogalamu ya mapiri, mapiri ndi zigwa ndi malo omwe amapezeka padziko lapansi ndipo amakhala osiyanasiyana m'makontinenti asanu. Amasiyanitsidwa wina ndi mzake ndi kutalika komwe kunafika komanso mawonekedwe ake zopulumutsa.

Pulogalamu yamapiri Ndiwookwera kwachilengedwe kwa nthaka, okwera kuposa 700m mokhudzana ndi maziko ake ndipo amatha kuphatikizidwa m'mapiri, m'mapiri kapena mapiri. Chiyambi cha kukwera kumeneku ndi chifukwa cha mapangidwe a kutumphuka kwa dziko lapansi chifukwa champhamvu zamatekinoloje, zomwe zidafotokozedwanso ndi kuchuluka kwa nthawi ndi kukokoloka kwa nthaka. Pamodzi, mapiri amatenga 24% ya lithosphere ndikuphimba 53% ya kontinenti ya Asia, 58% ya kontinenti yaku America, 25% yaku Europe, 17% ya Oceania ndi 3% yaku Africa. Akuti anthu 10% amakhala m'mapiri ndipo mitsinje yonse yapadziko lapansi imachokera kwa iwo.

Ma PlateausKumbali ina, kapena zitunda, ndizo mtundu wa kuphatikiza pakati pa mapiri ndi zigwa. Ili pamtunda wopitilira 500m pamwamba pa nyanja, ndi zigwa zazikulu komanso zokwezeka zomwe zimayambira pakuyenda kwamatekinoni ndikuwonongeka kwa zinthu zopanda mphamvu, zomwe zimabweretsa chigwa. Nthawi zambiri zimakhala chifukwa chakukula kwa mapiri aphulika apansi pamadzi. Ma Plateaus nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana omwe amapatsidwa mayina osiyanasiyana, monga altiplano, butte, kapena chapada.

ZigwaPomaliza, madera akulu ndi malo athyathyathya kapena okhala ndi zocheperako pang'ono, nthawi zambiri amakhala pansi pazigwa, pamwamba pamapiri kapena m'mapiri, kapena pansi pamadzi, nthawi zambiri samakhala pamwamba pa 200 mita. Madambo ambiri ndiofunika pachuma kwa anthu, chifukwa mmenemo mbewu ndi malo odyetserako ziweto zimachitika popeza kupezeka kwa malo awo kumathandizira kuyenda komanso kuchuluka kwa anthu omwewo.

Zitsanzo za mapiri

Phiri la Éverest, ku Himalaya. Phiri lalitali kwambiri padziko lapansi, pamtunda wa 8848 mita, lili pamalire pakati pa China ndi Nepal, ndipo limapanga phiri limodzi ndi nsonga zina zoyandikira monga Lhotse (8516 m), Nuptse (7855 m) ndi Changtse (7580) m). Kukwera ndi limodzi mwamavuto akulu m'moyo wa akatswiri okwera mapiri ndipo sizinafike mpaka 1960 pomwe gulu la okwera mapiri aku China lidafika pamwamba pamtunda wawo wakumpoto.
Nkhalango ya Cerro el Ávila. Limatchedwanso Waraira-repano, mawu ake achibadwidwe, ndipo kumpoto kwa mzinda wa Venezuela wa Caracas, likulu la dzikolo, phirili limasiyanitsa mzindawu ndi Nyanja ya Caribbean ndi gombe, mozungulira mzindawu ndikukhala chizindikiro chodziwika cha tawuni. Ndi National Park yokhala ndi misewu yopita kokongola komanso mapiri ambiri, komanso nsonga zomwe zimasiyana pakati pa 120 ndi 2765 mita pamwamba pamadzi.
Aconcagua. Ili m'chigawo cha Mendoza, Argentina, ndikupanga gawo lamapiri akutali a Andes, ili ndi kutalika kwa 6,960.8 mita kupitilira nyanja yamadzi ndipo ndiye nsonga yayitali kwambiri ku America, komanso yayitali kwambiri padziko lapansi pambuyo pa Himalaya. Pa Januware 1, 2000, kuyambira pachimake, wochita sewero waku Italiya komanso waku Argentina Victoria Manno adatumiza uthenga kwa umunthu wamtendere, umodzi ndi chitetezo cha ofooka, omwe amadziwika kuti "Humanity Call for Attention".
Phiri la Chimborazo. Ndilo phiri lalitali kwambiri ndi phiri lophulika ku Ecuador, ndipo ndi malo akutali kwambiri kuchokera pakatikati pa dziko lapansi omwe alipo, ndiye kuti, pafupi kwambiri ndi thambo lakunja, chifukwa cha mawonekedwe a kukula kwa Dziko lapansi pamtunda. Kuphulika kwake komaliza akuti kunachitika mu 550 AD ndipo ili pakatikati pa Andes, 150 km kuchokera ku likulu la Ecuadorian. Kutalika kwake pamwamba pa nyanja ndi 6263.7 m. Pafupi ndi phiri ili, Simón Bolívar adalemba nyimbo yake yotchuka "My delirium about Chimborazo".
Anthu a Huascarán. Chipale chofewa cha Andes ku Peru chomwe chili ndi nsonga zitatu: kumpoto (6655 masl), kumwera (6768 masl) ndi kum'mawa (6354 masl). Msonkhano wakumwera ndiwokwera kwambiri ku Peru konse ndi madera ozungulira madera aku South America, komwe kumapangitsa kukhala phiri lachisanu lalitali kwambiri kontrakitala ndipo, mwanjira iyi, malo padziko lapansi okhala ndi zokopa zochepa kwambiri zomwe zilipo.
Cotopaxi. Mapiri ena otchuka kwambiri ku Ecuador, ali ndi kutalika kwa mamita 5,897 pamwamba pa nyanja ndipo ndi amodzi mwamphamvu kwambiri padziko lapansi. Ili pamtunda wa makilomita 50 kum'mwera kuchokera ku Quito ndipo kuphulika kwake kwakukulu komaliza kudachitika mu 1877. Dzinalo, mchilankhulo chamtunduwu, limatanthauza "Mpando wachifumu wa mwezi".
Phiri la Mont Blanc. "Phiri loyera" ndi phiri lamiyala 4810 mita pamwamba pa nyanja, lalitali kwambiri ku Europe konse komanso malo okwera kwambiri a Alps. Mzindawu wazunguliridwa ndi zigwa zomwe zili ndi madzi oundana ambiri ndipo ndi gawo la malo osadziwika bwino, m'malire a Italy ndi France. Ndi mwayi wopita kukaona anthu otsetsereka pachipale chofewa, kutsetsereka komanso kukwera mapiri, ndipo kuyambira 1965 idadutsika ndi ngalande ya Mont Blanc ya 11.6 km.
A Kanchenjunga. Phiri lachitatu lalitali kwambiri padziko lapansi, lalitali mamita 8586, ndiye lalitali kwambiri ku India ndipo lachiwiri ku Nepal. Ili ndi nsonga zisanu zazitali zofananira, chifukwa chake dzina lake limamasulira kuti "Chuma chisanu cha chisanu", chomwe malinga ndi mwambo chimayimira nkhokwe zopatulika za Mulungu: golide, siliva, miyala yamtengo wapatali, chimanga ndi mabuku opatulika.
Kilimanjaro. Ili kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Tanzania ndipo ili ndi mapiri atatu osaphulika: Shira (kumadzulo, 3962 mita pamwamba pa nyanja), Mawenzi (kum'mawa, 5149 mita pamwamba pa nyanja) ndi Kibo (pakati, 5892 mita pamwamba pa nyanja ), mapiriwa ndi otchuka chifukwa cha madzi oundana osatha omwe, kuyambira pakati pa zaka za zana la 20, adachepetsa kwambiri makulidwe. Kukula kwake kunafika mu 1889, pokhala malo apamwamba kwambiri mu Africa yense. Kuyambira 1975 ndi National Park,
Phiri la Shinn. Phiri ili lalitali mamita 4661 lili ku Antarctica, mdera lapadziko lonse lapansi. Zidapezeka ku 1958 munthawi zandege zodziwika bwino ndipo zidatchedwa Lieutenant Commander Conrad S. Shin, yemwe adafika koyamba ku Geographic South Pole.

Zitsanzo zamapiri

Jujuy Puna. Malo okwerawa kumpoto kwa Argentina, mbali zina za zigawo za Jujuy, Salta ndi Catamarca, ndi gawo lamapiri a Andes komwe adasweka chifukwa cha mapiri angapo. Imakwera kuchokera pafupifupi 3700 mita pamwamba pa nyanja mpaka 3200.
Andipili ya Andes. Amadziwikanso kuti Meseta del Titicaca kapena Meseta del Collao, ndi chigwa chachikulu kwambiri (3800 mita pamwamba pa nyanja) m'mapiri a Andes, omwe amakhala pakati pa madera a Bolivia, Argentina, Chile ndi Peru. Pamalo awa zitukuko zakale zambiri zidachokera, monga Tiahuanaco ndipo ndi gawo la dera lotchedwa Puna.
Auyantepuy. Dzinalo pachilankhulo cha Pemón limatanthauza "Phiri la Mdyerekezi" ndipo ndiye tepui wamkulu kwambiri (uli pamtunda wa 2535 mita pamwamba pa nyanja ndipo uli ndi 700 km² pamwamba) komanso wotchuka kuchokera ku Kanaima National Park kumwera kwa Venezuela. Ma tepi ndi mapiri ataliatali osanjikiza komanso mkati mwake, mkati mwake momwe chilengedwe chimasinthiratu mosiyana ndi malo ozungulira, ndichifukwa chake zimawerengedwa ngati miyala yazachilengedwe. Mathithi akuluakulu padziko lapansi, a Angel Falls, nawonso amagwa kuchokera pamwamba pa Auyantepuy.
Puna de Atacama. Chipululu cha chipululu cha 4,500 metres pamwamba pa nyanja yomwe imafalikira kudera la 80,000 km², m'malire a Argentina ndi Chile. Imadutsa malo okwera osiyanasiyana okhudzana ndi chigwa, pomwe mapiri angapo amaphulika. Ili ndi mpumulo wosiyanasiyana komanso mitsinje yambiri yomwe, nthawi zambiri, imafika kunyanja.
Chigwa cha Tibet. Malo otchedwa Tibetan-Qinghai Plateau, ndi gawo louma lomwe limakhala m'chigawo chachikulu cha Tibet Autonomous, komanso gawo la India ndi China. Imakhala malo a 1000km mulifupi ndi 2500 kutalika, pakatikati pa 4500 mita pamwamba pa nyanja, ndichifukwa chake imawonedwa kuti ndi malo okwera kwambiri: "denga" la dziko lapansi.
Chigwa chapakati. Ambiri mwa chilumba cha Iberia (pafupifupi 400,000 km²) Chisipanishi chili m'chigwa cha mamita 600 pamwamba pa nyanja, yomwe ndi malo akale kwambiri opulumutsa anthu m'derali. Imatsetsereka pang'ono kulowera kunyanja ya Atlantic ndipo imakhala ndi nyengo yayikulu yaku Mediterranean. Amagawika kumpoto ndi kumwera ndi phiri lotchedwa Central System.
Brasilia Massif. Pamodzi ndi mapiri a Guiana, ndi dera lalikulu lamapiri, limodzi lakale kwambiri padziko lapansi, mwa atatu omwe amapanga South America (limodzi ndi Patagonian massif). Ili pakatikati chakum'mawa kwa kontrakitala, chigwachi chili ndi nyengo yotentha komanso yachinyezi, ndipo mitsinje ya Amazon ndi Plata imadutsa m'malo ake olakwika.
Guiana Massif. Amatchedwanso Guiana Shield, ndi dera lakale kwambiri ladziko lonse lomwe limafikira kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa kontinenti yaku South America m'gawo lina la Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, Brazil ndi French Guyana. Malire ake ndi Mtsinje wa Orinoco kumpoto, ndi nkhalango yamvula ya Amazon kumwera, kukhala amodzi mwa zigawo zokhala ndi zachilengedwe zambiri padziko lapansi.
Atherton Chigwa. Plateau yomwe ili ku Australia, ili ndi makilomita 32,000² Zothandiza kwambiri pakuweta ziweto. Ndikutalika kwapakati pa 600 ndi 900 mita kumtunda kwa nyanja, nthaka yake yophulika ndi kuthirira kwa Nyanja Tinaroo (yophulika ndi Mtsinje wa Barron), ndi malo achonde kwambiri okhala ndi malata olemera.
Altiplano cundiboyacence. Kubisa kudera la 25,000 km² Pafupifupi mamita 2,600 pamwamba pa nyanja, mzinda wa Bogotá, likulu la dzikolo, uli m'dera lamapiri la Colombia.

Zitsanzo za zigwa

Chigwa cha Dōpitani. Malo osefukirawa m'mphepete mwa nyanja adapangidwa ndi kuchitapo kwa mitsinje ya Shigenobu ndi Ishte, pachilumba cha Shikoku ku Japan. Imafikira pafupifupi 20 km kum'mawa chakumadzulo ndi 17 kumpoto-kumwera, komwe kumakhala mizinda ya Matsuyama ndi Toon.
Chigwa cha Eastern Europe. Amadziwikanso kuti chigwa cha Russia, chimakwirira pafupifupi 4,000,000 km²Pafupifupi mamita 170 pamwamba pa nyanja, imapanga Great European Plain, limodzi ndi chigwa cha North Europe, dera lamapiri kwambiri m'chigawo chonsechi. Zimakhudza madera ambiri: Germany, Russia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Poland, Moldova ndi gawo la Europe la Kazakhstan.
Chigwa cha North Europe. Gawo lina la Great European Plain, limayambira ku Nyanja ya Baltic ndi North Sea kupita kumapiri aku Central Europe. Kukwezeka kwa madera ake kumasiyana pakati pa 0 ndi 200 mita pamwamba pa nyanja, yogawana pakati pa Belgium, Holland, Denmark, Germany ndi Poland, komanso Czech Republic yonse.
Dera la Pampas. Chigwa chachikulu chomwe chimafalikira pakati pa madera ena a Argentina, Uruguay ndi Brazil. Ndi amodzi mwa zigawo zachonde kwambiri padziko lapansi, chifukwa chothirira madzi ambiri ndikusowa nkhalango. Dzinali limachokera ku liwu la Quechua lotanthauza "chigwa pakati pa mapiri."
Sandur kapena Kuwonjezeka madzi oundana Awa ndi madambo omwe matope awo amachokera pakusungunuka kwa madzi oundana m'mabeseni okhudzana ndi derali. Nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi miyala ndi zinthu zina zotsukidwa ndi madzi osungunuka, kuti athe kufikira makulidwe a 100 mita ndikufutukula makilomita ambiri mozungulira. Chitsanzo cha izi ndi Skeiðarársandur ku Iceland.
Chigwa cha Lelant. Chigwa chachonde pachilumba chachi Greek cha Euboea, chowonekera m'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu BC. za nkhondo za Lelantine kuti zikhale zawo. Uku ndiko kuzindikira kuti m'zaka za m'ma Middle Ages amatchulidwa m'mapepala ngati Lilanto, chigwa chotsogolera ku Attica.
Chigawo cha Llanos. Ili m'chigawo chapakati cha Venezuela komanso yofunika kwambiri pa ziweto ndi zaulimi, dera lino lidatenga gawo lofunika kwambiri pachuma mdziko muno isanayambe kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwamafuta mu 1917, pomwe ulendo wakumidzi udawasiya. Pakadali pano ndi dera lokhala ndi anthu ochepa lomwe limadutsa zigawo za Guárico ndi Apure (pafupifupi 142,900 km²).
Zigwa za Abyssal. Kuphimba 40% pansi panyanja, zigwa za m'madzi izi zimapezeka m'madzi ozama ofanana kapena ochepera 200 m, kuchokera pagombe komanso kumadera osagwiritsa ntchito dzuwa pang'ono, kupezeka kochepa kwa michere ndi zovuta, zotchedwa ngalande za abyssal. Ndiwo madera akuluakulu padziko lapansi omwe amaphimba nyanja.
Zigwa Zazikulu. Ili ku North America, m'dera lokwera komanso lalitali lomwe limafalikira pakati pa mayiko a Coahuila (Mexico), Alberta, Saskatchewan ndi Manitoba (Canada) ndi New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, Wyoming, Montana, Dakota South ndi North Dakota (United States). Ndi dera lodyera ziweto ndiulimi, lokhala ndi ma hydrocarboni ambiri monga malasha ndi mafuta, omwe amavutika ndi chilala chachikulu ndi mkuntho wa mchenga zaka 25 zilizonse.
Chigwa cha Kur-Araz. Ndi kukhumudwa kwakukulu m'dera la Azerbaijan lotanthauzidwa ndi zigwa za mitsinje ya Kur ndi Aras, kumadzulo kwa Nyanja ya Caspian komanso kumpoto kwa Mapiri a Talysh. Imafalikira ku Chigwa cha Lenkoran kudera la Iran.