Mafuta ena

Zamkati

• Chifukwa chiyani ali ofunikira?
• Zitsanzo zamafuta ena

Pulogalamu ya Mafuta ena amatchedwa chifukwa adapangidwa makamaka ngati njira zina kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta pa zoyendera.

A mafuta Ndi zinthu zomwe zimatha kutulutsa mphamvu ngati kutentha, podutsa munkhanza makutidwe ndi okosijeni.

Pulogalamu ya mafuta amatulutsa mphamvu chifukwa, poswa zomangira zamamolekyulu ake, mphamvu zomwe zidagwira zomangazo ndi zaulere. Mphamvu imeneyi imatchedwa kuti yomanga mphamvu ndipo ndi kuthekera mphamvundiye kuti, zimakhudza chilichonse chomwe chili kunja kwa molekyuluyo. Nthawi yomwe mphamvu imatulutsidwa, ikakhala mafuta amasandulika kutentha.

Mphamvu yamafuta iyi (kutentha) itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana:

• Mwachindunji ngati kutentha (mphamvu yotentha): Izi ndi zomwe zimachitika mwachitsanzo tikamagwiritsa ntchito nkhuni (mafuta) kuyatsa moto.
• Kuzisintha kuti ziziyenda (mphamvu zamagetsiMotors ndi zida zomwe zimalola kuti mphamvu zotulutsidwa ndi utsi zizigwiritsidwa ntchito kusuntha zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, tikamagwiritsa ntchito mafuta (mafuta) omwe kudzera mu injini amatha kuyendetsa galimoto. Komabe, si mphamvu zonse zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso kuyaka Nthawi zonse amatulutsa mphamvu yamafuta (kutentha).

Chifukwa chiyani ali ofunikira?

Mafuta amwambo, monga omwe amachokera ku malasha ndi omwe amachokera ku mafuta (mafuta, dizilo, ndi zina zambiri) amatulutsa gasi nthawi yoyaka mpweya woipa, kuti ndi poizoni m'malo ambiri.

Kuphatikiza apo, ngakhale siyikakhala yayikulu kwambiri, imatulutsa mvula yamchere, kuwononga zomera ndikuwononga nthaka. Kumbali ina, kaboni dayokisaidi m'mlengalenga amapanga gawo lomwe limalola kutentha kwa dzuwa kulowa koma limalepheretsa kutuluka kwake, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kutentha kwa dziko kutenthe komanso kutentha kwa dziko.

Pulogalamu ya chandamale cha mafuta ena ndikupereka gwero la mphamvu yoyera komanso yokhazikika, ndiye kuti, sizimachokera kuzinthu Zosasinthika, ngati mafuta.

Mitundu ina yamafuta ndi yatsopano ndipo pakadali pano matekinoloje ofunikira pakupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito akadali koyambirira kwa chitukuko. Chifukwa chake, ngakhale mafuta ambiri akugwiritsidwa ntchito pakadali pano, ambiri mwa iwo amafunikirabe mphamvu zowonjezera kupanga kuposa omwe amapeza kuchokera kuyaka. Komabe, momwe angagwiritsire ntchito akufufuzidwabe popeza akuwona kuti pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo woyenera magwiridwe ake adzayenda bwino.

• Itha kukutumikirani: Zitsanzo za Mafuta mu Moyo watsiku ndi tsiku

Zitsanzo zamafuta ena

1. BTL: Biomass mpaka madzi. Chidule cha BTL chimachokera ku Chingerezi "Biomass to Liquids". Pulogalamu ya zotsalira ndi chinthu chamoyo, ndiye kuti, zamoyo. BTL ndi mtundu wamafuta opangira ofanana ndi mafuta (mafuta, palafini, kapena dizilo) omwe amapangidwa kuchokera kuzomera.
2. Hydrogen: Ndi molekyulu yosavuta komanso yaying'ono kwambiri: iwiri maatomu haidrojeni. Zimaphatikizana ndi mpweya komanso zinthu zina zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mafuta. Ubwino wogwiritsa ntchito chinthuchi ngati mafuta ndikuti sichimatulutsa mpweya woipitsa. Chokhumudwitsa ndichakuti sichimakhala chaulere mwachilengedwe. Pachifukwa ichi, mphamvu zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kutulutsa kuposa zomwe zingapezeke poyaka. Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'maselo amafuta kuti apange magetsi kapena kutentha. Ikhoza kutenthedwanso mu injini zoyaka.
3. Mafuta amagetsi: Magalimoto omwe amagwiritsa ntchito magetsi ngati mafuta akupangidwa pano. Ubwino ndikuti magetsi samatulutsa mpweya wakupha. Chokhumudwitsa ndichakuti magalimoto okhala ndi ufulu wodziyimira pawokha sanapangidwebe. Kuti galimoto ndiyodziyimira yokha ndiye kuti imatha kuyenda ma kilomita ambiri osapaka mafuta. Izi sizichitika ndimagalimoto amagetsi. Kuphatikiza apo, ndi mizinda ingapo yomwe ili ndi njira zolipiritsira magalimoto amenewa, pomwe mafuta amapezeka padziko lonse lapansi.
4. Bioethanol: Ndi ethanol (mowa wopangidwa ndi nayonso mphamvu) zomwe zingapezeke ku mbewu monga chimanga kapena soya. Ndi njira ina yomwe amakonda mafuta chifukwa chake zopangira imapitsidwanso mosavuta. Komabe, palinso mkhalidwe wovuta womwe umadzudzula kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka mbewu popanga mafuta kuti kukweze mitengo ya chakudya. Komanso, sizinatsimikiziridwebe kuti sizitulutsa mpweya wa poizoni. Komabe, ndizotheka kwambiri kuti ikatulutsa mpweya wa poizoni azikhala ocheperako kuposa mafuta. Momwemonso zimachitikira ndi hydrogen, vuto lina la bioethanol ndikuti mphamvu yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga pano ndi yayikulu kuposa yomwe imapeza kuchokera ku mafuta.
5. Zamgululi: Mafuta amadzimadzi omwe amapangidwa makamaka kuchokera ku lipids, kutanthauza mafuta a masamba ndi mafuta a nyama. Mosiyana ndi bioethanol, siimapangidwa ndi nayonso mphamvu koma ndi esterification ndi transesterification. Zipangizozo nthawi zambiri zimakhala mafuta obedwa, mafuta a kanjedza ndi camelina. Mafuta a nyama amakhala ndi vuto lopanga biodiesel yomwe imakhazikika pamwamba kuposa kutentha kofunika.
6. CTL: Makala kuti amwe. Malasha amatha kukhala madzi opangidwa ndi ma hydrocarbon chifukwa cha mankhwala omwe amatchedwa Pott-Broche. Kutentha kwakukulu, kusungunuka kwamphamvu kwambiri kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pamakala. Hydrogen imawonjezeredwa ndipo chipangizocho chimapitilizidwa kukonzedwa.