Zopereka za Aristotle

Zamkati

• Ntchito za Aristotle
• Zitsanzo za zopereka za Aristotle

Aristotle waku Estagira (384 BC-322 BC) anali wafilosofi waku Makedonia wazikhalidwe zakale zachi Greek, yemwe amadziwika pakati pa akatswiri anzeru zakumadzulo ndipo malingaliro awo, omwe amasonkhanitsidwa mozungulira zikalata pafupifupi 200 zomwe 31 zokha ndizomwe zidasungidwa, zakhala ndi zowona komanso mphamvu pa mbiri yathu yamaphunziro kwa zaka zopitilira zikwi ziwiri.

Zolemba zake zimakhudza zochitika zambiri, kuyambira pamalingaliro, ndale, zamakhalidwe, sayansi, ndi nthano, mpaka ndakatulo, zakuthambo, ndi biology; madera omwe amathandizira pakusintha, nthawi zina ngakhale maziko: ake anali maphunziro oyamba mwadongosolo amalingaliro ndi biology m'mbiri.

Iye anali wophunzira wa afilosofi ena ofunikira monga Plato ndi Eudoxus, pazaka makumi awiri zomwe adaphunzitsidwa ku Academy of Athens, mzinda womwewo komwe adzapezeko Lyceum., malo omwe amaphunzitsirako mpaka wophunzira wake atagwa, Alexander waku Makedoniya, wotchedwanso Alexander Wamkulu. Kenako amapita mumzinda wa Chalcis, komwe adzafera chaka chotsatira.

Kutsatira kwa Aristotle ndi mwala wapangodya wa sayansi ndi mafilosofi amakono, ndipo nthawi zambiri amalemekezedwa pamisonkhano yapadziko lonse lapansi, zolemba, komanso zofalitsa.

Ntchito za Aristotle

Ntchito zolembedwa ndi Aristotle zomwe zidapezekabe kwa ife ndi 31, ngakhale zolemba zawo zina zikutsutsana. Kuyitana Corpus aristotelicum (Thupi la Aristotelian), komabe, limaphunziridwa mu mtundu wake wa Prussian ndi Inmanuel Bekker, lopangidwa pakati pa 1831-1836 ndipo mayina ake ambiri amakhalabe m'Chilatini.

• Malangizo a Logic: Magulu (Gulu), Kutanthauzira (Mwa kutanthauzira), Kuwunika koyamba (Analytica priora), Masekondi owerengera (Back Analytica), Mitu (Mutu), Kutsutsa kwapadera (Ndi sophisticis elenchis).
• Malangizo a Fiziki: Thupi (Masewera), Pamwamba pamlengalenga (Za caelo), Za mbadwo ndi chivundi (Za generatione et corruptionione), Zanyengo (Zanyengo), Za chilengedwe chonse (Za Dziko), Za moyo (Ndi anima), Zing'onozing'ono Zachilengedwe (Parva naturalia), Za kupuma (Ndi spiritu), Mbiri ya nyama (Mbiri yazachuma), Ziwalo za nyama (Ndi partibus animalium), Kuyenda kwa nyama (Kuchokeramotu animalium), Kukula kwa nyama (Ndi incessu animalium), Mbadwo wa nyama (By kapolo09), Mwa mitundu (Ndi coloribus), Mwa zinthu za mayeso (Wolemba audibilibus, Physiognomonic (Zolimbitsa thupi), Za mbewu (Ndi plantis), Za zodabwitsa zomwe zidamveka (Wolemba mirabilibus auscultationibus), Mankhwala (Zamgululi), Mavuto (Vuto), Mwa mizere yosadziwika (Ndi lineis insecabilibus), Malo amphepo (Ventorum situs), Melisos, Xenophanes ndi Gorgias (chidule MXG).
• Chithandizo cha metaphysics: Zachilengedwe (Metaphysica).
• Mgwirizano wamakhalidwe ndi mfundo: Makhalidwe a Nicomachean (Ethica Nicomachea), Khalidwe labwino (Magna moralia), Makhalidwe Eudemic (Ethica Eudemia), Kabuku kabwino ndi zoyipa (De mphamvu ndi vitiis libellus), Ndale (Ndale), Zachuma (Zochita zachuma) ndi Constitution ya Atene (Athenaion politea).
• Malangizo a zongonena ndi ndakatulo: Zojambulajambula (Rhetorica), Kufotokozera kwa Alexander (Rhetorica ad Alexandrum) ndi ndakatulo (Ndakatulo ars).

Zitsanzo za zopereka za Aristotle

1. Iye adapanga dongosolo lake lafilosofi. Potsutsana ndi malingaliro a mphunzitsi wake Plato, yemwe dziko lapansi linali ndi ndege ziwiri: zomveka komanso zomveka, Aristotle adati dziko lapansi lilibe zipinda. Chifukwa chake, adadzudzula "Chiphunzitso cha mawonekedwe" a mphunzitsi wake, yemwe adanenanso kuti dziko lamalingaliro lidali dziko lowona komanso kuti dziko lodziwikiralo limangowonetsera chabe. Kwa Aristotle, zinthu zimapangidwa ndi chinthu ndi mawonekedwe, mosagwirizana palimodzi pazowona, ndipo chowonadi chawo chitha kufikiridwa mwamphamvu, ndiye kuti, kudzera muzochitika.

1. Ndiye bambo woyambitsa malingaliro. Njira zoyambirira zofufuzira za mfundo zowona kapena zosavomerezeka pamalingaliro zimanenedwa ndi wafilosofi wachi Greek uyu, kudzera pakupanga gulu la syllogism (kuchotsedwa). M'mawu ake omwe, awa ndi "mawu (ma logo) momwe, zomwe zidakhazikitsa zinthu zina, zimachokera kwa iwo, chifukwa chokhala zomwe ali, china chosiyana ”; ndiye kuti, njira yofananira ndi malingaliro ochokera kumalo osiyanasiyana. Dongosololi lidapangitsa kuti athe kuphunzira momwe lingalirolo lidavomerezedwera kuchokera pakuvomerezeka kapena kosavomerezeka kwa malowo. Mtundu womwe ukugwirabe ntchito mpaka pano.

1. Adalemba mfundo yosatsutsana. Chothandizira china chachikulu pamalingaliro chinali lingaliro losatsutsana, lomwe limanena kuti lingaliro ndi kunyalanyaza kwake sikungakhale koona nthawi yomweyo komanso munjira yomweyo. Chifukwa chake, malingaliro aliwonse omwe akutanthauza kutsutsana angawoneke ngati abodza. Aristotle adayesetsanso kuti aphunzire zabodza (zolakwika), zomwe adazindikira ndikuyika mitundu ikuluikulu khumi ndi itatu.

1. Adafunsa kuti gawolo likhale logawanika. M'masiku amenewo, nzeru zimamveka ngati "kuphunzira chowonadi", chifukwa chake chidwi chake chinali chachikulu. M'malo mwake Aristotle adapereka malingaliro angapo malinga ndi izi: malingaliro, omwe adawona ngati kukonzekera; nthanthi yopeka, yopangidwa ndi fizikiya, masamu ndi metaphysics; ndi nzeru zothandiza, zomwe zimaphatikizapo zamakhalidwe ndi ndale.

1. Adanenanso zamakhalidwe abwino. Aristotle adateteza kufunikira kwa maubwino amzimu, ndiye kuti, zomwe zimakhudzana ndi malingaliro amunthu, zomwe zidagawika pakati pake: luntha ndi chifuniro. Kudzera mwa iwo, munthu amatha kuwongolera gawo lake lopanda tanthauzo. Malamulowa azithandizira masukulu afilosofi omwe akubwera, omwe magawano awo pakati pa chinthu chanzeru komanso chopanda tanthauzo akadakhala thupi mwanjira zina, monga kugawanika kwachikhristu pakati pa mzimu wosawonongeka ndi thupi lachivundi.

1. Anaulula chiphunzitso chakale chokhudza maboma. Chiphunzitsochi sichinasinthidwe m'zaka mazana ambiri pambuyo pake ndipo chimalimbikitsa kwambiri dongosolo lathu lazandale. Aristotle adapereka mitundu isanu ndi umodzi yamaboma, yomwe idasankhidwa kutengera ngati akufunafuna zabwino kapena kuchuluka kwa olamulira omwe alipo:

• Maboma omwe amafuna zabwino zokomera onse:
  • Ngati munthu m'modzi akulamulira: Monarchy
  • Ngati ochepa alamulira: Aristocracy
  • Ngati ambiri akulamulira: Demokalase
• Maboma onyazitsidwa kwa iwo:
  • Ngati munthu m'modzi akulamulira: Kuponderezana
  • Ngati ochepa alamulira: Oligarchy
  • Ngati ambiri amalamulira: Demagoguery

Zolemba za Aristotelizi ndi zitsanzo zake zochuluka zathandizira akatswiri olemba mbiri kuti akhazikitsenso gulu lachi Greek la nthawiyo.

1. Adafunsanso mtundu wa zakuthambo. Mtunduwu umaganiza za dziko lapansi ngati chinthu chokhazikika (ngakhale chozungulira) pomwe nyenyezi zimazungulira mozungulira. Mtunduwu udakhala ukugwira ntchito kwazaka mazana ambiri, mpaka Nicolás Copernicus wazaka za zana la 16 atulutsa chithunzi chomwe chimapangitsa Dzuwa kukhala likulu la chilengedwe.

1. Anapanga lingaliro lazinthu zinayi. Lingaliro lake lakuthupi lidatengera kukhalapo kwa zinthu zinayi zoyambira: madzi, dziko lapansi, mpweya, moto ndi ether. Kwa aliyense adapatsa mayendedwe achilengedwe, awa: awiri oyamba adasunthira pakati pa chilengedwe, awiri otsatira adachoka pamenepo, ndipo ether idazungulira malowa. Chiphunzitsochi chidagwirabe ntchito mpaka Scientific Revolution yazaka za zana la 16 ndi 17.

1. Adafotokozeranso zakubadwa kwadzidzidzi. Wopangidwa ndi Jan Van Helmont m'zaka za zana la chisanu ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri ndipo pomaliza pake atatsutsidwa ndi maphunziro a Louis Pasteur, chiphunzitsochi chongopeka chokha cha moyo chidalimbikitsa chilengedwe cha moyo kuchokera ku chinyezi, mame kapena thukuta, chifukwa cha mphamvu yopanga moyo kuchokera pazinthu, zomwe adabatiza monga entelechy.

1. Anayika maziko a chiphunzitso. Pakati pa yanu Zolemba ndi ake Ndakatulo, Aristotle adaphunzira zilankhulo ndi ndakatulo zotsanzira, kuthana ndi kukayikira kwa Plato olemba ndakatulo (omwe adawathamangitsa Republic kuwayika ngati abodza), motero kukhazikitsa maziko a maphunziro anzeru aukatswiri ndi zolembalemba, zomwe adagawa m'magulu atatu akulu:

• Epic Wotsogolera nkhaniyo, ili ndi mkhalapakati (wofotokozera) yemwe amakumbukira kapena kufotokoza zochitikazo motero ali kutali kwambiri ndi zowona zake.
• Tsoka. Pobwereza zochitikazo ndikupangitsa kuti zizichitika pamaso pa anthu, mawonekedwewa ndiopambana kwambiri kwa Aristotle komanso omwe amathandizira bwino polis, popeza ikuyimira munthu kuposa iye, komanso kugwa kwake.
• Zoseketsa. Zofanana ndi tsoka, koma kuyimira amuna moyipa kuposa iwo. Zithunzithunzi zophunzirira mu Ndakatulo Aristotle mwatsoka adatayika.