Zamkati
Pulogalamu ya Kusintha kwa Mexico Unali nkhondo yankhondo yomwe idayamba mu 1910 ndipo idatha mu 1920, yomwe idayimira zochitika zazikulu kwambiri zandale komanso zandale zaku Mexico. Zinali zingapo zoukira maboma motsatizana motsogozedwa ndi olamulira mwankhanza a Porfirio Díaz, zomwe zidapitilira zaka khumi kapena ziwiri kapena zitatu zapitazo, pomwe Constitution ya Mexico idalengezedwa.
Munthawi ya nkhondoyi, asitikali omvera boma lopondereza la Porfirio Diaz, yemwe adalamulira dzikolo kuyambira 1876, motsutsana ndi zigawenga zomwe zidatsogoleredwa ndi Francisco I. Madero, yemwe adawona kuthekera koyambitsa gulu kuti abwezeretse Republic. Adachita bwino mu 1910, kudzera mu San Luis Plan, momwe adachokera kumpoto chakumpoto kwa Mexico kuchokera ku San Antonio (Texas).
Mu 1911, zisankho zidachitika ndipo Madero adasankhidwa kukhala purezidenti. Koma kusagwirizana kwake ndi atsogoleri ena osintha zinthu, monga Pascual Orozco ndi Emiliano Zapata, zidadzetsa kuwukira omwe anali nawo kale. Mwayiwo udapindulidwa ndi gulu la asirikali odziwika lero kuti "Wachisoni Khumi", yemwe, motsogozedwa ndi Félix Díaz, Bernardo Reyes ndi Victoriano Huerta, adachita chigamulo ndikupha purezidenti, mchimwene wake komanso wachiwiri kwa purezidenti. Chifukwa chake, Huerta adatenga gawo ladziko.
Atsogoleri osintha sanatenge nthawi kuti achitepo kanthu ngati Venustiano Carranza kapena Francisco “Pancho” Villa, omwe adamenya nkhondo ndi de facto mpaka Huerta atasiya ntchito mu 1912, North North itawukira Veracruz. Pambuyo pake, pamtendere, mikangano idayamba pakati pa magulu osiyanasiyana omwe adachotsa Huerta, kotero Carranza adayitanitsa Msonkhano wa Aguascalientes kuti atchule mtsogoleri m'modzi, yemwe anali Eulalio Gutiérrez, Purezidenti wosankhidwa. Komabe, Carranza iyeyo amanyalanyaza mgwirizano ndipo nkhondoyi idzayambiranso.
Pomaliza, njira zoyambirira zidatengedwa kuti akhazikitse malamulo atsopano adziko mu 1917 ndikubweretsa Carranza mphamvu. Koma kumenyanako kungatenge zaka zingapo, pomwe atsogoleriwa adzaphedwa: Zapata mu 1919, Carranza mu 1920, Villa mu 1923, ndi Obregón mu 1928.
Koma kale mu 1920 Adolfo de la Huerta anali atalamulira, ndipo mu 1924 Plutarco Elías Calles, kutengera mbiri ya demokalase mdzikolo ndikuthana ndi Revolution ya Mexico.
Zoyambitsa Kusintha kwa Mexico
- Vuto La Porphyry. Colonel Porfirio Díaz anali atalamulira kale Mexico pazaka 34 zaulamuliro wankhanza, pomwe kukula kwachuma kudachitika chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa anthu olemera. Izi zidadzetsa mavuto azachuma, zandale, zachuma komanso chikhalidwe, zomwe zidalimbikitsa otsutsana naye ndikuwononga kukhulupirika kwa boma lake. Pamene Díaz mwiniwake adalengeza kuti adzapuma pantchito kumapeto kwa nthawi yake, magulu osakhutira adawona kuti mwayi wawo wafika wokakamiza kusintha dzikolo.
- Mkhalidwe womvetsa chisoni wakumunda. M'dziko lokhala ndi anthu akumidzi 80%, malamulo ndi zochitika zachuma zomwe zidalipo zinali za eni malo akulu komanso eni minda. Anthu wamba komanso am'deralo amakhala moyo wosauka ndipo ali ndi ngongole ya moyo, kulandidwa madera okhala anthu wamba komanso moyo wovuta kwambiri mpaka mtolankhani waku America J. K. Turner m'buku lake Wachilendo ku Mexico Pofika mu 1909 adatha kuoneratu kuwuka kwa oponderezedwa.
- Kuchotsa Pachilamulo Cholamulira Chachikhalidwe Cha Darwinism. Otsatira omwe amaganiza kuti olamulira omwe adagwira nawo adalowa pamavuto kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana lino, pomwe akuluakulu azamalamulo amafuna kuti atenge nawo mbali pazisankho zamtunduwu. Gulu la osankhika lotchedwa "Asayansi" silinawonedwenso ngati okhawo omwe angathe kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu. Izi zimayimira gulu la porfirate.
- Ntchito za Madero zotsutsana ndi zisankho. Maulendo osiyanasiyana (atatu) opangidwa ndi Madero kuti afalitse malingaliro odana ndi Porfirian mdziko lonselo adachita bwino kwambiri kotero kuti adamunamizira kuti amayambitsa kupanduka ndipo adaweruzidwa kuti akhale m'ndende. Kenako amamasulidwa pa bail, koma wopanda ufulu wochoka mdziko muno kapena kutenga nawo mbali pachisankho, pomwe Colonel Porfirio Díaz adasankhidwanso, motsutsana ndi lonjezo lake.
- Vuto la 1907. Mavuto ku Europe ndi United States adadzetsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwamakampani oyendetsa mafakitale komanso kukwera kwamitengo yakunja, zomwe zidabweretsa kusowa kwa ntchito kwakukulu komwe kumakulitsanso kufooka kwa anthu aku Mexico.
Zotsatira za Kusintha kwa Mexico
- 3.4 miliyoni miyoyo yakhudzidwa. Palibe chiwerengero chenicheni cha omwalira pankhondoyi, koma akuti akupezeka pakati pa miliyoni miliyoni ndi anthu mamiliyoni awiri. Powerengera anthu osamukira kumayiko ena, njala, kuchepa kwa ziwerengero zobadwa ndi mliri wa chimfine ku Spain udayambika mu 1918, akuti anthu mamiliyoni 3.4 awona miyoyo yawo ikukhudzidwa kwamuyaya munthawi ya mbiri yaku Mexico.
- Kubadwa kwa bureaucrat. Tithokoze kusintha kwakusintha kwandale komanso ndale mu Revolution, anthu ovutika amalowa m'boma kuti agwire ntchito zantchito. Asitikali, okonda Revolution, adatsegulanso makina ake ndikulemba anthu ntchito pakati ndi otsika, omwe akukula ndi 50 kapena 60% nthawi yaboma la Calles. Izi zikutanthauza kusintha kwakukulu pakugawa chuma mdzikolo.
- Kusamukira m'mizinda. Kuthawa kusokonekera komanso ziwawa m'midzi, popeza Revolution inali gulu lokhala ndi anthu ambiri akumidzi, ambiri mwa anthu wamba adasamukira kumizinda, motero kukulitsa miyoyo ya anthu m'mizinda koma kuchititsa kusagwirizana pakati pawo.
- Kusintha kwaulimi. Chimodzi mwazosintha zazikulu za Revolution, zidalola alimi kukhala ndi malo ndikupanga gulu latsopano la ma ejidatarios. Izi, komabe, sizinasinthe moyo wawo ndipo ambiri amasankhabe kusamukira kuminda komwe amachitiridwa nkhanza ndikuzunzidwa, koma amalipidwa bwino. Ena ambiri adasamukira ku United States.
- Zojambula ndi zolemba. Olemba ambiri aku Mexico adawonetsa m'mabuku awo zomwe zidachitika pakati pa 1910 ndi 1917, mosadziwa ndikupanga minyewa yamphamvu yokongoletsa yomwe pambuyo pake idzabala zipatso pachikhalidwe cha dziko lawo. Ena mwa olemba awa ndi Mariano Azuela (makamaka buku lake Zomwe zili pansipa 1916), José Vasconcelos, Rafael M. Muñoz, José Rubén Romero, Martín Luis Guzmán ndi ena. Chifukwa chake, kuyambira 1928 mtsogolo, mtundu wa "Revolutionary Novel" ukadabadwa. Zofananazo zidachitika ndi kanema komanso kujambula, omwe achipembedzo chawo amawonetsa zaka zakumenyana.
- Kukwera kwa ma corridos ndi "adelitas". Munthawi yosintha, corrido, nyimbo komanso kutchuka komwe kumachokera pachikondi chakale cha ku Spain, idapeza mphamvu yayikulu, momwe zochitika zapadera komanso zosintha zinafotokozedwa, kapena miyoyo ya atsogoleri otchuka monga Pancho Villa kapena Emiliano Zapata adafotokozedwanso. Kuchokera kwa iwo kumabadwanso chithunzi cha "adelita" kapena soldadera, mkazi yemwe adadzipereka kunkhondo, umboni wa kutenga nawo gawo kwakukulu kwa azimayi mbali zonse ziwiri za nkhondoyi.
- Kuwonekera kwa asitikali azimayi. Amayi ambiri adatenga nawo gawo pankhondo, mpaka atafika pa colonel, lieutenant kapena captain, ndikusiya chizindikiro chofunikira pamalingaliro azimayi panthawiyi. Ena mwa iwo akhoza kutchedwa Margarita Neri, Rosa Bobadilla, Juana Ramona de Flores kapena María de Jesús de la Rosa "coronela".
