Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse

Zamkati

• Zifukwa za nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse
• Zotsatira za nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse

Pulogalamu ya Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse inali nkhondo yandale komanso yankhondo padziko lonse lapansi yomwe idachitika pakati 1939 ndi 1945, momwe maiko ambiri padziko lapansi adachitiramo nawo gawo ndipo ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zoopsa kwambiri m'mbiri yam'zaka zam'ma 2000, kutengera dziko la Total War (kudzipereka kwathunthu pazachuma, zachikhalidwe komanso zankhondo) mbali zonse ziwiri.

Mkangano inatenga miyoyo ya anthu pakati pa 50 ndi 70 miliyoni, onse wamba komanso ankhondo, mwa iwo 26 miliyoni anali a USSR (ndipo 9 miliyoni okha anali ankhondo). Mlandu wina wapangidwa ndi mamiliyoni a anthu omwe anaphedwa m'misasa yachibalo ndi chiwonongeko, atakumana ndi miyoyo yaumunthu kapenanso kuyesa zamankhwala ndi zamankhwala, monga Ayuda pafupifupi 6 miliyoni omwe adawonongedwa ndi boma la Germany National Socialist. Yotsirizira idatchedwa Holocaust.

Kwa izi iyenera kuwonjezeredwa imfa zambiri zomwe zotsatira zachuma zankhondo zidabweretsa padziko lonse lapansiMonga njala ku Bengal yomwe idapha miyoyo ya Amwenye pafupifupi 4 miliyoni, ndipo omwe nthawi zambiri samanyalanyazidwa ndi mbiri yovomerezeka ya nkhondoyi, omwe amwalira onse akhoza kukhala anthu pafupifupi 100 miliyoni.

Magulu omwe anakumana nawo pankhondo anali awiri: the Mayiko ogwirizana, motsogozedwa ndi France, England, United States ndi Soviet Union; ndi Mphamvu za olamulira, motsogozedwa ndi Germany, Italy ndi France. Mayiko omalizawa adapanga gawo lotchedwa Berlin-Rome-Tokyo..

Zifukwa za nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse

Zomwe zimayambitsa mkanganowu ndizosiyanasiyana komanso zovuta, koma titha kunena mwachidule ngati:

1. Malamulo a Pangano la Versailles. Pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse, pangano lodzipereka mosavomerezeka pamalamulo opondereza lidaperekedwa ku Germany, lomwe lidalepheretsa dziko lowonongedwalo kuti likhala ndi gulu lankhondo, kulanda madera ake aku Africa, ndikuyika ngongole ku United States. Izi zidadzetsa kukanidwa ponseponse komanso malingaliro akuti mtunduwo udabayidwa kumbuyo ndipo umayang'aniridwa ndi mayiko akunja monga USSR.

1. Maonekedwe a Adolf Hitler ndi atsogoleri ena achikoka. Atsogoleri andalewa amadziwa momwe angapangire kusakhutira kotchuka ndikumanga magulu achipembedzo, omwe cholinga chawo chachikulu ndikubwezeretsa ukulu wakale wapadziko lonse pogwiritsa ntchito magulu ankhondo, kukulitsa madera adziko lonse ndikukhazikitsa maboma ankhanza (chipani chapadera). Izi ndizochitika ku Germany National Socialist Workers Party (Nazi), kapena Fascio yaku Italiya motsogozedwa ndi Benito Mussolini.

1. Kukhumudwa Kwakukulu mzaka za m'ma 1930. Mavuto azachuma apadziko lonse lapansi, omwe adakhudza kwambiri maiko aku Europe omwe adamenyedwa ndi Nkhondo Yaikulu (World War I), adalepheretsa mayiko omwe ali ndi nkhawa kukana kukwera kwa fascism komanso kuwonongeka kwa demokalase. Kuphatikiza apo, zidakakamiza anthu aku Europe kuti akhale opanda chiyembekezo zomwe zidapangitsa kuti malingaliro awowoneka bwino.

1. Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni yaku Spain (1936-1939). Nkhondo yamagazi yaku Spain pomwe dziko la Germany National Socialist idalowererapo pothandizira asitikali ankhondo a Francisco Franco, kuphwanya mwamwano mapangano apadziko lonse lapansi osalowererapo, nthawi yomweyo anali umboni wa omwe akhazikitsidwa kumene Luftwaffe Wachijeremani (ndege), komanso ngati umboni wamanyazi amayiko ogwirizana, zomwe zidasinthitsa mkangano womwe ukubwera m'mphepete mwa chidwi komanso zomwe zidalimbikitsanso ku Germany kuchita mantha.

1. Mikangano pakati pa Sino-Japan. Pambuyo pa Nkhondo Zoyamba za Sino-Japan (1894-1895), kusamvana pakati pa mphamvu yaku Asia yaku Japan ndi oyandikana nawo monga China ndi USSR kudalipo. Ufumu wa Hiro Hito udapindulira mu 1932 mkhalidwe wofooka pomwe Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni pakati pa achikominisi ndi ma republican adachoka ku China, kuti ayambe Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya Sino-Japan ndikukhala Manchuria. Ichi chidzakhala chiyambi cha kukula kwa Japan (makamaka ku Asia Minor), zomwe zingayambitse kuphulika kwa bomba ku Pearl Harbor yaku North America ndikulowa mwamphamvu ku United States kunkhondo.

1. Kuukira kwa Germany ku Poland. Pambuyo polanda mwamtendere Ajeremani a Austria ndi Sudeten ku Czechoslovakia, boma la Germany lidapanga mgwirizano ndi USSR kuti ligawane gawo la Poland. Ngakhale panali nkhondo yakum'mawa kwa Europe, asitikali aku Germany adalumikiza ku Germany III Reich pa Seputembara 1, 1939, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti France ndi United Kingdom zilengeze nkhondo.

Zotsatira za nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse

Ngakhale nkhondo iliyonse imakhala ndi zotsatirapo zoyipa kwa anthu omwe akukhudzidwa ndi mayiko omwe akhudzidwa, Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse inali yofunika kwambiri komanso mbiri yakale:

1. Pafupifupi chiwonongeko chonse cha Europe. Kuphulika kwakukulu komanso kowononga kwamizinda yaku Europe mbali zonse ziwiri, ngati woyamba kutchfuneralhome Chijeremani (blitzkrieg) idakulitsa kulamulira kwa gawo lonse lapansi, ndipo ogwirizana atamasula gawolo, zidatanthawuza kuwonongedwa kwathunthu kwa paki yamatawuni yaku Europe, yomwe pambuyo pake idafunikira ndalama zambiri zachuma kuti zimangidwenso pang'onopang'ono. Chimodzi mwazinthu zachuma chinali chomwe chimatchedwa Marshall Plan choperekedwa ndi United States.

1. Kuyamba kwa malo ochititsa munthu kusinthasintha zochitika. Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse idasiya maulamuliro aku Europe, onse a Allied ndi Axis, atafooka kwambiri kotero kuti andale padziko lonse lapansi adapereka m'manja mwa olamulira ankhondo awiri atsopano: United States ndi Soviet Union. Onsewa nthawi yomweyo adayamba kupikisana nawo pamavuto aboma lawo, capitalist komanso chikominisi motsatana, m'maiko ena onse, zomwe zidayambitsa Cold War.

1. Gawo la Germany. Kulamulira kwa mayiko ogwirizana kudera la Germany kudachitika chifukwa chakulekana pakati pa United States ndi mabungwe aku Europe, ndi USSR. Chifukwa chake, dzikolo lidagawika pang'onopang'ono kukhala mayiko awiri osiyana: Germany Federal Republic, capitalist komanso pansi paulamuliro waku Europe, ndi Germany Democratic Republic, chikominisi komanso motsogozedwa ndi Soviet. Gawoli linali lodziwika bwino mumzinda wa Berlin, momwe khoma linamangidwa kuti ligawanitse magawo awiri ndikuletsa nzika kuthawa kuchokera ku chikomyunizimu kupita kudera la capitalist, mpaka mpaka tsiku la Germany Reunification mu 1991.

1. Kuyamba kwa mantha a nkhondo ya atomiki. Kuphulika kwa bomba la atomiki ku Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki ndi asitikali aku US, tsoka lomwe linapangitsa kudzipereka kopanda malire ku Japan masiku angapo pambuyo pake, kunayambitsanso mantha a nkhondo ya atomiki yomwe ikadakhala Cold War. Kuphedwa kumeneku kudzakhala, limodzi ndi ngozi yaku Chernobyl ku 1986, tsoka lalikulu kwambiri m'mbiri ya anthu yokhudza mphamvu za atomiki.

1. Kuyambira nzeru za kutaya mtima ku Europe. Kufunsa mafunso mobwerezabwereza pazaka zovuta pambuyo pa nkhondo ndi akatswiri aku Europe pankhani yokhudza mikangano yankhanza komanso yopanda umunthu yomwe idatheka. Izi zidabweretsa kubadwa kwa nthanthi ya kusakhulupirika ndi chiyembekezo, zomwe zidatsutsa chikhulupiriro cha positivist pamalingaliro ndi kupita patsogolo.

1. Nkhondo zamtsogolo. Mphamvu yomwe idasiyidwa kumapeto kwa nkhondoyi idadzetsa mkangano pakati pa France ndi madera ambiri aku Asia, omwe anali ndi magulu odzipatula. Nkhondo zapachiweniweni zidayambikanso ku Greece ndi Turkey pazifukwa zofananira.

1. Lamulo latsopano komanso zamalamulo padziko lonse lapansi. Nkhondo itatha, United Nations (UN) idapangidwa kuti idzalowe m'malo mwa League of Nations yomwe idalipo, ndipo idapatsidwa ntchito yopewa mikangano yamtsogolo yamtunduwu, kubetcha kudzera pazoyimira mayiko ndi chilungamo chamayiko.

1. Kuyambira kuchotseratu. Kutaya mphamvu zandale ku Europe kudatsogolera ku kutayika kwa ulamuliro wawo m'magawo ake mdziko lachitatu, zomwe zidalola kuyambika kwa njira zambiri zodziyimira pawokha komanso kutha kwa ulamuliro wapadziko lonse waku Europe.