Zamkati
Monga pafupifupi mayiko onse aku Latin America, Ufulu wa Mexico Zinapanga zochitika zakale, zandale komanso zachikhalidwe zomwe zidathetsa ulamuliro ku Spain kulamulira dziko lino la America.
Zinatero Zinayamba ndikuukira kwa France ku Kingdom of Spain ku 1808, momwe Mfumu Fernando VII inachotsedwa. Izi zidafooketsa kupezeka kwa Crown waku Spain m'madera ndipo adagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu aku America omwe adaunikiridwa kuti alengeze kusamvera kwawo kwa mfumu yoyikidwiratu, potenga njira zoyambirira zodziyimira panokha.
Pankhani yaku Mexico, woyamba kudziyimira pawokha wodziyimira pawokha amatchedwa "Grito de Dolores", wa Seputembara 16, 1810, zinachitika ku parishi ya Dolores m'chigawo cha Guanajuato, pomwe wansembe Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, pamodzi ndi a Messrs. Juan Allende ndi Juan Aldama, adaimba mabelu kutchalitchi ndikulankhula ndi mpingo kuti upemphe umbuli ndi kusamvera kwa olamulira m'malo atsopano a New Spain.
Izi zidatsogoleredwa ndi kuwukira kwa asitikali ku 1808 motsutsana ndi Viceroy José de Iturrigaray, yemwe adalengeza ulamuliro pomwe kulibe mfumu yovomerezeka; Koma ngakhale kulanda boma kudasokonekera ndipo atsogoleri adamangidwa, mkangano wodziyimira pawokha udafalikira m'mizinda yosiyanasiyana ya Viceroyalty, ndikuwonjezera zomwe akufuna poti anali atapupuluma komanso kuzunzidwa. Chifukwa chake, polamula kuti Fernando VII abwerere, opandukawo adayamba kufuna zandale, monga kuthetseratu ukapolo.
Mu 1810, wopanduka José María Morelos y Pavón adayitanitsa zigawo zodziyimira pawokha ku Congress of Anáhuac, komwe amapatsa gulu lodziyimira palokha malamulo ake. Gulu lankhondo ili lidasinthidwa kukhala nkhondo zachiwawa mozungulira 1820 ndipo pafupifupi kuti zibalalike, mpaka kulengeza kwa Constitution ya Cádiz chaka chomwecho kudasokoneza malingaliro a osankhika akumaloko, yemwe mpaka nthawi imeneyo anali atathandizira a Viceroy.
Kuyambira pamenepo, atsogoleri achipembedzo komanso olemekezeka ku New Spain azithandizira poyera ufulu wodziyimira pawokha ndipo, motsogozedwa ndi Agustín de Iturbide ndi Vicente Guerrero, omwe adalumikiza zigawenga pomenyera chikwangwani chomwecho mu Plan of Iguala ya 1821. Chaka chomwecho, ufulu waku Mexico udatha., kulowa kwa Gulu Lankhondo la Trigarante ku Mexico City pa Seputembara 27.
Zoyambitsa ufulu wa Mexico
- Kutulutsidwa kwa Ferdinand VII. Monga tidanenera kale, kulandidwa kwa Spain ndi asitikali a Napoleon ndikuyika pampando wachifumu wa mchimwene wake wa Napoleon, a José Bonaparte, zidadzetsa kusakhutira kumadera aku America, omwe, kale sanakhutire ndi zoletsa zamalonda zomwe zidapangidwa ndi mzinda waukulu, adawona mwayi kutsutsana poyera ndi Korona waku Spain.
- Kuponderezedwa kwa dongosolo lachigawo. Kukumana kosalekeza kwa Creoles, mestizos ndi Spaniards ku New Spain, komanso mavuto omwe gulu lachifumu lidawazunza achimwenye ndi alimi, komanso kuponderezedwa kwa zaka mazana atatu ku Europe, anali malo abwino oberekera zofuna zawo. ndi chikhumbo cha kusintha kwa chikhalidwe chomwe chidapangitsa zoyesayesa zoyambirira zosintha.
- Kusintha kwa Bourbon. Ufumu waku Spain, ngakhale uli ndi madera ambiri aku America omwe anali atsamunda, sanayendetse bwino chuma chake ndipo anataya chuma chambiri cha New World posamutsira mchere ndi chuma ku Europe. Pofuna kusintha makonzedwe awa ndikupindula kwambiri ndi chuma cha New Spain, kusintha kosiyanasiyana mu kayendetsedwe ka koloni kunalimbikitsidwa m'zaka za zana la 18, zomwe zikapititsa patsogolo moyo waku America ndikukhudza chuma cha osankhika.
- Kukonda dziko la Creole ndi malingaliro owunikira aku France. Ophunzitsidwa ku Paris, akatswiri achi Creole anali omvera pazokambirana zamaphunziro a Enlightenment, zomwe zidachokera ku French Revolution. Pachifukwa ichi kuyenera kuwonjezeredwa kulimbana kwamalingaliro pakati pa Achicreole aku Mexico, omwe adakweza kukhulupirika m'malo mokhulupirika ku metropolis, komanso kuyang'anira peninsular madera aku America.Kukonda dziko la Creole kumeneku kunathandiza kwambiri pakufalitsa malingaliro a ufulu.
- Ufulu wachimereka. Oyandikana nawo nthawi yomweyo ku United States, omwe ufulu wawo wolamulidwa ndi Britain Briteni udakhazikitsidwa mu 1783, a Creoles aku New Spain adawona pamtsutsowu chitsanzo choti chingatengere, cholimbikitsidwa ndi kupambana kwa malingaliro a Chidziwitso pazikhalidwe zakale zachifumu zaku Europe.
Zotsatira zakudziyimira pawokha ku Mexico
- Kutha koyambira kwa colony ndikuyamba kwa Ufumu waku Mexico. Pambuyo pazaka khumi ndi chimodzi za Nkhondo Yodziyimira pawokha, kudziyimira pawokha kwa New Spain kuchokera kumzinda waukulu wa peninsular kunakwaniritsidwa, zomwe sizikanavomereza pagulu mpaka 1836. Kulimbana kodziyimira pawokha kunapitilizabe Ufumu Woyamba waku Mexico, ulamuliro wachikatolika womwe udatenga zaka ziwiri zokha, kudzinenera ngati gawo lawo lomwe lili m'ndende ya Viceroyalty ya New Spain yomwe ikutha tsopano, ndikulengeza Agustín de Iturbide ngati mfumu. Mu 1823, mkati mwamikangano yamkati, Mexico idadzipatula ku Central America ndikudzilengeza kuti ndi Republic wodziyimira pawokha.
- Kuthetsa ukapolo, misonkho ndi mapepala osindikizidwa. Kupandukira ufulu kunachitika mu 1810 kulengeza, kudzera mwa Lamulo lotsutsa ukapolo, mapaipi ndi pepala losindikizidwa Mtsogoleri wa gulu lankhondo, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, cholinga chothanirana ndi akapolo, komanso misonkho yomwe imaperekedwa kwa amestizo ndi anthu akomweko, kuletsa ntchito ya mfuti komanso kugwiritsa ntchito pepala losindikizidwa m'mabizinesi.
- Kutha kwa gulu la anthu akunja. Kutha kwa ulamuliro wamatsenga wa koloniyo, womwe udasiyanitsa pakati pa anthu ndi khungu lawo komanso mtundu wawo, udalola kuyambika kwa zolimbana kuti zibweretse anthu ofanana pamaso pa malamulo komanso mwayi wochulukirapo kwa ochepa omwe akuponderezedwa.
- Nkhondo pakati pa Mexico ndi United States. Kufooka kwa maboma atsopano aboma lodziyimira palokha ku Mexico sikudziwa momwe angalimbane ndi zikhumbo zofutukula za United States, omwe amafunsidwa kuti alipire chiwonongeko chomwe chidachitika ku Texas (yomwe idadzinena kuti ndiyodziyimira pawokha mu 1836 mothandizidwa ndi America) pa Nkhondo Yodziyimira pawokha, yomwe idatsogolera mu 1846 kumenya nkhondo ngati nkhondo pakati pa mayiko onsewa: American Intervention ku Mexico. Kumeneko, iwo omwe adadziwonetsa okha ngati othandizana ndi Mexico odziyimira pawokha mopanda manyazi adaba kumpoto kwa gawo lawo: Texas, California, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Colorado ndi Utah.
- Kukhumudwa kwa ziyembekezo zakugawana chuma. Monga m'maboma ambiri aku America omwe adalipo kale, lonjezo logawana zachuma moyenera komanso mwayi wofanana pakati pa anthu zidakhumudwitsidwa ndikulemeretsa kwa anthu wamba, omwe adasiya kuyankha ku Spain koma akufuna kukhala ndi mwayi wokhala otsogola amitundu itatha. Izi zitha kubweretsa zovuta zamkati ndi mikangano yamkati kwazaka zikubwerazi.
