![Zinthu Zosekesa zoletsedwa ku malawi](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/Nvt283cWBN0/hqdefault.jpg)
Zamkati
- Gulu
- Mitundu ya kuwonongeka komwe amapanga
- Mawonetseredwe m'thupi
- Zitsanzo za zinthu zapoizoni m'thupi la munthu
Pulogalamu ya mankhwala owopsa Ndi mankhwala omwe munjira zina zawo (kupanga, kugwiritsa ntchito, kugawa kapena kutaya) zimawopseza thanzi la munthu (matenda kapena kufa).
Ngakhale kawopsedwe amapezeka nthawi iliyonse yomwe ili yovulaza thanzi, nthawi zambiri imalumikizidwa kumwa: Zinthu zambiri zapoizoni ndizopangira, zomwe zimawononga mukamamwa pakamwa.
Gulu
Pulogalamu ya poizoni ndizopadera zomwe zidaperekedwa kwa mtundu uwu wazinthu. Mphamvu ya zinthu kapena zakunja kwa zamoyo, machitidwe azamoyo, ziwalo, zotupa ndi maselo, ndiye malo ophunzirira malangizowa.
Nthawi zambiri amasiyanitsa zinthu zakupha m'magulu atatu:
- Zinthu zamankhwala organic ndi inorganic yomwe imawononga thupi: zinthu zamankhwala monga lead ndizowoneka pakati pazomwe zimapanga, pomwe pakati pa zinthu zachilengedwe pali zinthu monga methanol, ndi ziphe zambiri zoyambira nyama.
- Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, Amapangidwa ndi poizoni omwe amapangidwa ndi ma virus ndi bacteria, omwe amaberekana ndikupanga matenda. Mosiyana ndi yapita ija, poizoni wamtunduwu amadalira kutha kwa wolandirayo, popeza ndizotheka kuti zinthu ziwiri zofanana zimachita mosiyanasiyana pama receptor osiyanasiyana.
- Kuwopsa kwa thupiZili muzinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe nthawi zambiri sizitengedwa ngati poizoni, koma zomwe zimakhudza thupi monga ma X-ray ndi ma gamma cheza, kapena radiation yochokera m'magulu osiyanasiyana.
Onaninso: Zitsanzo za Kuwononga Kowopsa
Mitundu ya kuwonongeka komwe amapanga
Poizoni akalowa m'thupi, amatha kupanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kusintha kapena kuvulala (kuchokera kumaselo omwe amafooka) kapena kugwira ntchito (monga kusintha kwa DNA kapena kuletsa mphamvu ya enzymatic kanthu). Zotsatira zomwe ali nazo mthupi zimagawanitsa poizoni mgulu latsopano:
- Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono: Poizoniyo amalowa momwe amapangira mapuloteni.
- Poizoni wamankhwala: Zimakhudza dongosolo lamanjenje lamkati.
- Kutulutsa poizoni: Zimalepheretsa kufika kwa mpweya kumatumba.
- Poizoni wa khansa: Zimakhudza kapangidwe ka RNA ndi DNA.
- Ziphuphu zowononga: Amawononga ziwalo zomwe amachita.
Mawonetseredwe m'thupi
Thupi la munthu likakhutitsidwa ndi zinthu zomwe ndizovulaza thanzi lake, amati thupi ndilo kuledzera. Pakadali pano, thupi nthawi zambiri limagwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawo, kuwongolera, kuwachotsa munthawi yochepa ndikuwathamangitsa: komabe, nthawi zina njirayi imalephera chifukwa chitetezo chachilengedwe chimakhala chochepa, kapena chifukwa choti zinthu zambiri zomwe zikuwonongedwa zimakhala zochuluka .
Maonekedwe a ziphuphu ndi ming'oma, kutentha thupi kwambiri, kupuma movutikira, kutsegula m'mimba kwambiri, kusanza kwambiri, ndi zizindikilo zina Ndizo zomwe thupi limagwiritsa ntchito kuwonetsa kuledzera, ndipo ayenera kuthandizidwa ndi madokotala moyenera.
Zitsanzo za zinthu zapoizoni m'thupi la munthu
- Acetone
- Mankhwala
- Mycobacterium chifuwa chachikulu
- Kachilombo ka Rift Valley fever
- Arsenic
- Hydrogen sulfide
- Chlorobenzene
- Cadmium
- Venezuelan equine encephalitis kachilombo
- Shigelladysenteriae mtundu 1
- Chlordane
- Sulfa anhydride
- Aniline
- Styrene
- Kachilombo ka West Nile
- Kachilombo ka yellow fever
- Russian kasupe-chilimwe encephalitis virus
- UN 2900
- Vinyl mankhwala enaake
- Mafuta Mafuta
- Asibesitosi
- Mankhwala
- Mankhwala (organochlorines, pyrethroids, carbamates)
- Vuto la Sabia
- Mtsogoleri
- Mercury
- America
- Cyanide
- Vinyl nthochi
- Chlorfenvinphos
- Trichlorethylene
- Zosakaniza
- Kachilombo ka poliyo
- Amoniya
- Chloroethane
- Toluene
- Matenda a chiwewe
- Zotayidwa
- Chlorophenols
- Omsk hemorrhagic fever kachilombo
- Yersinia pestis
- Mpweya monoxide
- Nthaka
- Tetradoxin
- Acrylonitrile
- Nkhupakupa kufala encephalitis HIV
- Barium mankhwala enaake
- Acrolein
- Tar
- Vuto la Variola