20 Zitsanzo za Zinthu Zowononga - Encyclopedia

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Zitsanzo za zinthu zowononga
Itha kukutumikirani

Pulogalamu ya zinthu zowononga Ndiwo omwe amatha kuwononga kapena kuwononga malo omwe amakumana nawo.

Zinthu zowononga ndizowopsa kwa zamoyo, imatha kuyambitsa kupsa mtima kapena kutentha paminyewa ya khungu, m'maso, m'mapapo kapena m'mimba yomwe imatha kubweretsa imfa. Zochitika zamtunduwu zimadziwika ngati kuwotcha kwamankhwala.

Zipangizo zamtunduwu ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zida zoyenera zotetezera: magolovesi, zovala, masks nkhope. Kumalo omwe amasungidwa kapena kusungidwa, malinga ndi malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi, nenani ndi chizindikiro cha dzimbiri.

Nthawi zambiri, zinthu zowononga khalani ndi pH yochulukirapo, ndiye kuti, kwambiri acidic kapena zoyambira, ngakhale atha kupangidwanso zinthu zopangira oxidizing kapena mtundu wina. Polumikizana ndi organic zinthu acid kulimbikitsa lipid hydrolysis kapena denaturation ya mapuloteni. Maziko, kumbali inayo, amawumitsa zinthu zakuthupi mopambanitsa.

Zitsanzo za zinthu zowononga

Asidi Hydrochloric. Ndi fomu HCl, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti muriatic asidi kapena kujambulaZimakhala zachizolowezi kuzitulutsa m'mchere wamchere, kapena kuzipanga mukamayatsa mapulasitiki ena. Ndiwowola kwambiri ndipo imakhala ndi pH yochepera 1, ndichifukwa chake imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chosungunulira, ngati chosungunulira mafakitale kapena chothandizira pakupanga zinthu zina zamankhwala.
Asidi nitriki. Mwa chilinganizo HNO₃, ndi madzi owoneka bwino omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati reagent mu labotale, chifukwa ndi gawo la zinthu zomwe zimapanga Trinitrotoluene (TNT) kapena feteleza osiyanasiyana monga ammonium nitrate. Itha kupezekanso itasungunuka mvula yamchere, yodziwika zochitika zachilengedwe zotsatira za kuwonongeka kwa madzi.
Sulfuric asidi. Njira yake ndi H₂SW₄ ndipo ndi imodzi mwazinthu zapamwamba kwambiri padziko lapansi, chifukwa nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupeza feteleza, kapenanso kupanga zidulo za asidi, sulphate kapenanso m'makampani opanga petrochemical. Imathandizanso mu makampani wa zitsulo komanso popanga mitundu yonse ya mabatire.
Fomu acid. Amadziwika kuti methanoic acid ndi chilinganizo CH₂KAPENA₂, ndi mankhwala osavuta kwambiri a organic, omwe nthawi zambiri amabisidwa ndi tizilombo monga nyerere zofiira (Formica rufa) kapena njuchi ngati njira yoopsa yoteteza. Amapangidwanso ndi lunguzi, kapena mvula yamchere chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa mlengalenga. Pang'ono pang'ono imatha kuyambitsa kukwiya pang'ono, koma ngakhale ili yachilengedwe ndiyamphamvu asidi.
Acetic acid osakanikirana. Amatchedwa methylcarboxyl acid kapena ethanoic acid ndi kapangidwe kake ka mankhwala C₂H₄KAPENA₂, ndi asidi wa viniga, womwe umamupatsa mawonekedwe ake owawa ndi kununkhira. Ilinso ndi asidi acid, monga formic acid, koma ndiwofooka kwambiri kotero kuti ntchito zake ndizosiyanasiyana ndipo sizowopsa. Ngakhale zili choncho, m'malo okwera kwambiri zitha kukhala zowopsa ku thanzi.
Zinc mankhwala enaake. Zinc mankhwala enaake (ZnCl₂) ndi olimba mochulukira yoyera ndi crystalline, yosungunuka kwambiri m'madzi, yogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamakampani opanga nsalu komanso chothandizira ku labotale. Sili poizoni kwambiri, koma pamaso pa madzi imachita zinthu mopweteketsa mtima (ngakhale mumlengalenga) ndipo imatha kuwononga kwambiri, makamaka kwa mapadi ndi silika.
Zotayidwa mankhwala enaake. Mwa mawonekedwe a AlCl₃, Ndi za a pawiri yomwe imakhala ndi acidic komanso zofunikira nthawi imodzi, kutengera momwe zimasungunulira. Ndi osauka kondakitala wamagetsi ndipo imakhala ndi malo otsika osungunuka komanso owira, ndichifukwa chake imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mankhwala ngati chothandizira kuchitapo kanthu, posungira nkhuni kapena polimbana ndi mafuta. Kuwonetsedwa pachipindachi kumavulaza thupi, ndipo kumatha kusiya sequelae kwanthawi yayitali ndikuwonekera mwachangu.
Boron trifluoride. Njira yake ndi BF₃ ndipo ndi mpweya wa poizoni wopanda mtundu womwe umapanga mitambo yoyera mumlengalenga. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri mu labotale monga asidi lewis ndikupeza mankhwala ena ndi boron. Ndi chitsulo cholimba kwambiri chomwe chimawononga, chomwe chimatha kudya chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri pamaso pa chinyezi.
Sodium hydroxide. Soda kapena caustic soda, yokhala ndi mtundu wa NaOH, ndi maziko a desiccant omwe amapezeka ngati miyala yoyera yoyera komanso yopanda fungo, yomwe kusungunuka kwake m'madzi kapena asidi imapanga kutentha kwakukulu. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mitundu ingapo yoyera pamapepala, nsalu ndi zotsukira, komanso m'mafakitale amafuta.
Potaziyamu hydroxide. Amadziwika kuti potashi wodwalayo komanso kapangidwe kake ka mankhwala KOH, ndi desiccant inorganic compound, yomwe kuwonongeka kwachilengedwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mafuta saponifier (popanga sopo). Kusungunuka kwake m'madzi kumakhala kovuta, ndiye kuti, kumatulutsa mphamvu yotentha.
Sodium hydride. Ndi kapangidwe kake NaH, ndichinthu chosungunuka kwambiri chosakanikirana ndi mtundu wowonekera, wosankhidwa ngati m'munsi amphamvu monga amatha deprotonizing zosiyanasiyana zasayansi zidulo. Kuphatikiza pa izi, ndi desiccant yamphamvu, chifukwa imasunga hydrogen wambiri, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yolimba kwambiri ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zosungunulira.
Dimethyl sulphate. Mumikhalidwe yabwinobwino, gulu ili la mankhwala a C₂H₆KAPENA₄S ndimadzimadzi opanda utoto, wamafuta, wokhala ndi kafungo kakang'ono ka anyezi, kotchedwa alkylator wamphamvu. Ndi poizoni kwambiri: khansa, mutagenic, zowononga komanso zakupha, motero kugwiritsa ntchito kwake mu njira ya methylation ya labotale nthawi zambiri kumasinthidwa ndi ma reagents ena otetezeka. Ndiwowopsa zachilengedwe komanso wosakhazikika, ndichifukwa chake nthawi zambiri amawonedwa ngati chida chamankhwala.
Phenol (carbolic acid). Njira yopangira mankhwala C₆H₆Kapenanso mayina ena osiyanasiyananso, chophatikizira choyera ndi choyera kapena chopanda utoto wolimba, chomwe chingapangidwe kuchokera ku makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa benzene. Imafunikira kwambiri m'mafakitale a utomoni, komanso popanga nayiloni, komanso ngati gawo limodzi la fungicides, antiseptics ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Ndi yosavuta kuyaka komanso yowononga.
Acetyl mankhwala enaake. Amatchedwanso ethanoyl chloride, ndi halide yochokera ku ethanoic acid, yomwe kutentha ndi kuthamanga kulibe mtundu. Ndi gulu lomwe kulibe m'chilengedwe, chifukwa pamaso pa madzi imavunda kukhala ethanoic acid ndi hydrochloric acid. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati utoto wonyezimira, mankhwala ophera tizilombo, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso ngati mankhwala oletsa ululu, ngakhale akuwonongeka chifukwa cha zomwe amachita.
Sodium hypochlorite. Amadziwika kuti kutsuka Mukasungunuka m'madzi, chophatikizika chokhala ndi kapangidwe kake ka mankhwala NaClO ndi cholumikizira cholimba chomwe chimagwira ntchito kwambiri ndi chlorine, motero chimapanga mpweya wakupha. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati bulitchi, choyeretsera madzi ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, chifukwa m'malo ena amatha kupukusa zinthu zakhudzana.
Benzyl Chloroformate. Ndi madzi amafuta okhala ndi fungo losasangalatsa lomwe limatha kukhala lopanda utoto mpaka chikaso ndipo limakhala ndi kapangidwe kake ka mankhwala C₈H₇ClO₂. Zowopsa pazachilengedwe ndi nyama zam'madzi, zimakhala phosphogen zikatenthedwa ndikukhala zotentha kwambiri. Ndi khansa komanso yowononga kwambiri.
Zitsulo zoyambirira za alkali. Chitsulo chilichonse cha alkali chofotokozera bwino, monga lithiamu (Li), potaziyamu (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs) kapena Francium (Fr), chimayankha mwachangu kwambiri ndi mpweya ndi madzi, motero sichikhala amawoneka m'chilengedwe mikhalidwe yawo yoyambira. Nthawi zonse amachita zachiwawa, ndikupanga kutentha kwambiri, ndichifukwa chake zimatha kukhala zopweteketsa kapena zopweteka komanso zowopsa kuumoyo.
Phosphorous pentoxide. Amadziwika kuti phosphorous okusayidi (V) kapena phosphoric okusayidi, ndi ufa wonyezimira wa molekyulu P₂KAPENA₅. Kukhala kwambiri zoyipa (desiccant), imakhala ndi zinthu zowononga kwambiri ndipo zimayenera kupewedwa pamtundu uliwonse. Kuphatikiza apo, kusungunuka kwake m'madzi kumatulutsa asidi wamphamvu yemwe amachitapo kanthu ngati pali zitsulo, ndikupanga mpweya wakupha komanso woyaka moto.
Kashiamu okusayidi. Imbani msanga ndi kapangidwe kake ka CaO, ndichinthu chomwe anthu akhala akugwiritsa ntchito kuyambira kale, chomwe chapezeka pamwala wamiyala. Ili ndi ntchito zomanga ndi zaulimi, popeza sizowopsa kapena zowononga, koma zikasakanizidwa ndi madzi zimachita mopweteketsa mtima, chifukwa zimatha kupweteketsa kapumidwe, khungu kapena kuwononga maso kwambiri.
Amonia wokhazikika. Nthawi zambiri ammonia, mpweya wopanda mtundu wokhala ndi fungo lonyansa lopangidwa ndi nayitrogeni (NH₃), Amapangidwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimachotsa chilengedwe chifukwa cha kuwopsa kwake. M'malo mwake, imapezeka mumikodzo yaumunthu. Komabe, magawo ake ambiri amatulutsa mipweya yowononga yomwe imavulaza chilengedwe, makamaka zinthu monga ammonia anhydride.