Zamkati
Pulogalamu ya ziphuphu Ndiwo mamolekyulu omwe amapezeka m'zinthu zonse zamoyo. Titha kunena kuti ma biomolecule amapanga zonse zamoyo mosasamala kukula kwake.
Molekyu iliyonse (yopanga biomolecule) imapangidwa maatomu. Izi zimatchedwa ziphuphu. Bioelement iliyonse imatha kupangidwa ndi kaboni, haidrojeni, mpweya, nayitrogeni, sulfure ndipo machesi. Biomolecule iliyonse imapangidwa ndi zina mwazinthu izi.
Ntchito
Ntchito yayikulu yama biomolecule ndi "kukhala gawo" lazamoyo zonse. Komano izi ziyenera kupanga kapangidwe ka selo. Zitha kukhalanso kuti ma biomolecule ayenera kuchita zina zofunikira pakhungu.
Mitundu ya ma biomolecule
Ma biomolecule amatha kugawidwa m'magulu azinthu monga Madzi, Mchere wamchere ndi mpweya, pomwe ma biomolecule am'thupi amagawika molingana ndi kuphatikiza kwawo mamolekyulu ndi ntchito zina.
Pali mitundu 4 ya biomolecule organic:
Zakudya Zamadzimadzi. Selo limafunikira chakudya chifukwa limapereka mphamvu zambiri. Izi zimapangidwa ndi 3 ziphuphu: Mpweya, Hydrogen ndipo Mpweya. Malinga ndi kuphatikiza kwa mamolekyuluwa, chakudya chimatha kukhala:
- Monosaccharides. Ali ndi molekyulu imodzi yokha mwa iliyonse. Mkati mwa gululi muli zipatso. Glucose imakhalanso monosaccharide ndipo imapezeka m'magazi a zamoyo.
- Kutulutsa. Mgwirizano wama carbohydrate awiri a monosaccharide upanga disaccharide. Chitsanzo cha izi ndi sucrose wopezeka mu shuga ndi lactose.
- Kuthamangitsidwa. Ma monosaccharide atatu kapena kupitilira apo akaphatikizidwa amadzetsa kagayidwe kake ka polysaccharide biomolecule. Zina mwa izi ndi wowuma (wopezeka mu mbatata) ndi glycogen (yomwe imapezeka mthupi la zamoyo, makamaka minofu ndi chiwalo cha chiwindi).
Onaninso: Zitsanzo za Monosaccharides, Disaccharides ndi Polysaccharides
Lipids. Amapanga khungu ndipo ali kusunga mphamvu kwa thupi. Nthawi zina izi zimatha kukhala mavitamini kapena mahomoni. Amapangidwa ndi asidi wamafuta ndi mowa. Amakhalanso ndi maunyolo ochuluka a ma atomu a kaboni ndipo haidrojeni. Amatha kusungunuka muzinthu monga mowa kapena ether. Chifukwa chake, sizotheka kusungunula izi m'madzi. Amatha kugawidwa molingana ndi ntchito yawo m'magulu anayi:
- Lipids ndi mphamvu yogwira ntchito. Iwo ali mu mawonekedwe a mafuta. Ndi minyewa ya adipose yomwe zamoyo zambiri zili nazo pakhungu. Lipid imeneyi imapanga mpweya woteteza kuzizira. Ikupezekanso m'masamba a zomera, kuti zisaume mosavuta.
- Lipids ndi zomangamanga. Ndi phospholipids (ali ndi mamolekyulu a phosphorous) ndipo amapanga nembanemba ya maselo.
- Lipids ndi ntchito m'thupi. Awa amatchedwanso "mankhwala". Chitsanzo: mahomoni kugonana amuna.
- Lipids ndi vitamini ntchito. Ma lipids awa amapereka zinthu kuti zikule bwino zamoyo. Ena mwa awa ndi vitamini A, D, ndi K.
Onaninso: Zitsanzo za Lipids
Mapuloteni. Ndi ma biomolecule omwe amakwaniritsa ntchito zosiyanasiyana mthupi. Amapangidwa ndimolekyulu ya kaboni, mpweya, haidrojeni ndipo nayitrogeni.
Mapuloteniwa amakhala nawo amino zidulo. Pali mitundu 20 yama amino acid. Kuphatikiza kwa amino acid kumabweretsa mapuloteni osiyanasiyana. Komabe (ndikupatsidwa kuphatikiza kosiyanasiyana) atha kugawidwa m'magulu akulu asanu:
- Mapuloteni omanga. Iwo ndi gawo la thupi la zamoyo zonse. Chitsanzo cha gulu ili la mapuloteni ndi keratin.
- Mapuloteni a Hormonal. Amayendetsa ntchito zina za thupi. Chitsanzo cha gululi ndi insulini, yomwe imagwira ntchito yolamulira kulowa kwa shuga mchipindacho.
- Mapuloteni achitetezo. Amagwira ntchito yoteteza thupi. Ndiye kuti, ali ndi udindo wolimbana ndi kuteteza thupi ku tizilombo, mabakiteriya kapena mavairasi. Awa ali ndi dzina la ma antibodies. Mwachitsanzo: maselo oyera.
- Mapuloteni oyendetsa. Monga momwe dzina lawo limasonyezera, ali ndi udindo wonyamula zinthu kapena mamolekyulu kudzera m'magazi. Mwachitsanzo: hemoglobin.
- Mapuloteni a enzymatic action. Amathandizira kuphatikizira michere ndi ziwalo zosiyanasiyana za thupi. Chitsanzo cha izi ndi amylase omwe amathyola shuga kuti thupi lake lifanane bwino.
Onaninso: Zitsanzo Zamapuloteni
Nucleic zidulo. Ndi ma asidi omwe, monga ntchito yawo yayikulu, amayang'anira ntchito za selo. Koma ntchito yayikulu ndikudutsa zakubadwa kuyambira mibadwomibadwo. Izi zidulo zimapangidwa ndimamolekyulu a kaboni, haidrojeni, mpweya, nayitrogeni ndipo machesi. Izi zidagawika m'magulu omwe amatchedwa nyukiliya.
Pali mitundu iwiri ya ma nucleic acid:
- DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid
- RNA: ribonucleic acid
Zakudya Zamadzimadzi
Zakudya za Monosaccharide
- Aldosa
- Ketose
- Kutumizidwa
- Fructose
- Galactose
- Shuga
Disaccharide chakudya
- Cellobiose
- Isomalt
- Lactose kapena shuga wa mkaka
- Maltose kapena shuga wa malt
- Sucrose kapena nzimbe shuga ndi beets
Zakudya za polysaccharide
- Asidi Hyaluronic
- Agarose
- Wowuma
- Amylopectin: wowuma wowuma
- Amylose
- Mapadi
- Dermatan sulphate
- Fructosan
- Glycogen
- Paramilon
- Zolemba zamatsenga
- Kutsatsa
- Keratin sulphate
- Chitin
- Xylan
Lipids
- Avocado (mafuta osakwaniritsidwa)
- Mtedza (mafuta osakwaniritsidwa)
- Nkhumba (mafuta okhuta)
- Hamu (mafuta odzaza)
- Mkaka (Mafuta Okhuta)
- Mtedza (mafuta osakwaniritsidwa)
- Azitona (mafuta osakwaniritsidwa)
- Nsomba (mafuta a polyunsaturated)
- Tchizi (mafuta okhuta)
- Mbewu ya Canola (Mafuta Osasakanizidwa)
- Bacon (Mafuta Okhuta)
Mapuloteni
Mapuloteni omanga
- Collagen (minofu yolumikizira)
- Glycoproteins (ndi gawo la khungu)
- Elastin (zotanuka zolumikizira)
- Keratin kapena keratin (epidermis)
- Mbiri (ma chromosomes)
Mapuloteni a Hormonal
- Calcitonin
- Glucagon
- Hormone yakukula
- Insulin Yam'madzi
- Mahomoni
Mapuloteni achitetezo
- Immunoglobulin
- Thrombin ndi fibrinogen
Mapuloteni oyendetsa
- Ma cytochromes
- Hemocyanin
- Hemoglobin
Enzymatic kanthu mapuloteni
- Gliadin, kuchokera ku tirigu wa tirigu
- Lactalbumin, kuchokera mkaka
- Ovalbumin Reserve, kuchokera ku dzira loyera
Nucleic zidulo
- DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
- Mtumiki RNA (ribonucleic acid)
- Ribosomal RNA
- RNA yopanga
- Tumizani RNA
- ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
- ADP (adenosine diphosphate)
- AMP (adenosine monophosphate)
- GTP (guanosine triphosphate)