Zinthu Zosalala ndi Zosakaniza

Zamkati

• Zitsanzo za zinthu zoyera
• Zosakaniza
• Solute ndi zosungunulira
• Zitsanzo zosakaniza
• Itha kukutumikirani

Onse a nkhani Zomwe timadziwa kuti chilengedwechi chitha kugawidwa molingana ndi malamulo ake m'magulu awiri: zinthu zoyera ndi zosakaniza.

Pulogalamu yazinthu zoyera ndi omwe amapangidwa, m'modzi, ndi m'modzi mankhwala amafotokozera kapena ndi zinthu zoyambira zomwe zimapanga mamolekyulu ake, ngati angakhale a pawiri.

Chinthu choyera nthawi zonse chimakhala ndi zinthu zofananira komanso zamankhwala, motero chimayankha chimodzimodzi nthawi zonse pakulimbikitsa kapena kuchitapo kanthu, monga kuwira yoweyula kachulukidwe.

Zinthu zoyera, ndiye kuti zitha kukhala monatomic (monga Helium yoyera), yotchedwanso zinthu zosavuta chifukwa sizingagawidwe mu zigawo zake; kapena zinthu zophatikizika (monga madzi: hydrogen + oxygen), chifukwa zimaphatikizapo gawo lokhazikika komanso lokhazikika lazinthu zofunika kupanga.

Zachidziwikire, chinthu choyera nthawi zonse chimasowa zowonjezera zowonjezera kapena mtundu uliwonse wa zodetsa zomwe zimasintha kapangidwe kake.

Zitsanzo za zinthu zoyera

1. Pure helium. Zomwe zili mu dziko lowala podzadza mabaluni achipani, kapena pakati pazigawo za hydrogen zochita, popeza ndi Mpweya wabwinondiye kuti, ya mpweya wokhala ndi mphamvu yotsika pang'ono kwambiri ndipo chifukwa chake samalumikizana ndi zinthu zina kupanga makina atsopano.
2. Madzi oyera. Nthawi zambiri amatchedwa madzi atayikidwa, imapezedwa kudzera mu njira zasayansi zopewera kusungunula chinthu china chilichonse chachilengedwe (popeza madzi ndiye chosungunulira chachikulu kwambiri). Chifukwa chake, ndimadzi omwe amapangidwa ndi maatomu a hydrogen ndi oxygen okha (H₂O), palibenso china.
3. Golide woyenga bwino. Golide woyenga, ma carats 24, ndi gawo lapadera, lopangidwa ndi maatomu agolide (Au) okha komanso apadera.
4. Ma diamondi. Ngakhale sizingaoneke ngati izo, diamondi, chimodzi mwazinthu zovuta kwambiri kuzipanga, zimapangidwa maatomu kaboni (C) kokha, yokonzedwa mwanjira inayake kuti zomangira zawo sizingasweke.
5. Sulufule. Chigawo ichi cha tebulo la periodic chimapezeka muzinthu zambiri zosavuta kapena zamagulu, chifukwa ndi chinthu chogwira ntchito kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, titha kutchula dzina la asidi sulfuric (H₂SW₄) ngati chinthu choyera, ngakhale kuti chili ndi maatomu a haidrojeni, sulfa ndi oksijeni, chifukwa amakhala ngati chinthu chimodzi chokha.
6. Mpweya umenewo. Chowoneka chosowa kwambiri m'zinthu zathu za tsiku ndi tsiku, koma zochulukirapo pamavuto ndi kutentha kwa m'mlengalenga, ndi ozoni. Ili ndi molekyulu ofanana ndi mpweya, koma ndi ma atomu atatu a chinthuchi (O₃) ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndendende kutsuka madzi.
7. Benzene (C.₆H₆). A hydrocarbon, ndiye kuti, mgwirizano wa maatomu a kaboni ndi wa haidrojeni, wopanda mtundu, wopanda fungo, wotentha ndi wowopsa, koma wopezeka woyera, poteteza mawonekedwe ake ndi momwe zimachitikira.
8. Sodium mankhwala enaake (NaCl). Mchere wamba, womwe timakhala nawo kunyumba, ndi chinthu chophatikizika. Amapangidwa ndi zinthu ziwiri: chlorine ndi sodium. Kumbali inayi, tikachiwonjezera ku supu, izikhala gawo limodzi losakanikirana.
9. Mpweya woipa (CO₂). Gasi omwe timatulutsa titapuma komanso zomwe zomera zimafunikira kuti photosynthesis yawo igwire ntchito. Wopangidwa ndi kaboni ndi mpweya, nthawi zambiri umasungunuka (kusakanikirana) mumlengalenga limodzi ndi mpweya wina, koma ukatengedwa ndi mbewu kapena kupangidwa mu labotale, umakhala wangwiro.
10. Graphite. Chimodzi mwamawonekedwe oyera a kaboni, ofanana ndi daimondi mankhwala, ngakhale sanatero mwakuthupi. Amapangidwa ndi ma atomu a kaboni okha, omwe ndi ofooka komanso osakanikirana kwambiri ndi ma diamondi.

Zosakaniza

Pulogalamu ya zosakaniza ndizophatikiza zinthu zoyera ziwiri kapena zingapo zoyera, mosiyanasiyana ndikusunga zambiri zawo katundu payekha, potero ndikupeza chinthu chosakanikirana chomwe zigawo zake zitha kugawanika ndi njira zathupi kapena / kapena mankhwala.

Malinga ndi momwe zimayendera mogwirizana ndi zinthu izi, zosakanizazo zitha kukhala zamitundu iwiri:

• Zosakanikirana Zosakanikirana. Mwa iwo, ndizotheka kuwona, mwina ndi maso kapena ndi zida za labotale, kupezeka kwa zinthu zosakanikirana, chifukwa zimagawidwa mosasinthasintha, kapena magawo ozindikirika. Zosakanizazi zitha kukhala, kuyimitsidwa (tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timasungunuka) kapena colloids (Tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono kwambiri kotero kuti simawoneka mosavuta, ndipo timangoyenda ndikugundana nthawi zonse).
• Zosakaniza zofanana. Zinthu zomwe zimapanga zosakanizazi zimagawidwa mofananamo ndipo sizitha kuzindikirika ndi maso. Nthawi zambiri amatchedwa zothetsera mankhwala Kapena mophweka mayankho, popeza zigawo zake (solute ndipo zosungunulira) sizingasiyanitsidwe mosavuta.

Solute ndi zosungunulira

Pulogalamu ya mayankho ndi osakanikirana, kutanthauza kuti, osadziwika; koma zigawo zake zimatchedwa solute ndipo zosungunulira malinga ndi kuchuluka kwachiwiri kwa ulemu motsata woyamba.

Mwachitsanzo:

Ngati mu madzi Magalamu angapo a olimba B, amatha kupasuka ndipo sitingathe kuwawona ndi maso, monga momwe tingachitire ndi madzi omwe ali nawo. Komabe, ngati madzi asanduka nthunzi, magalamu a olimba amakhalabe mu chidebe chomwe munali yankho. Njira iyi imatchedwa njira zopatulira zinthu.

Zitsanzo zosakaniza

1. Gelatin. Kusakaniza kwa colloidal kwa ma collagens kuchokera ku nyama yamagetsi kumapangidwa ndi kusakaniza madzi ndi olimba pamaso pa kutentha. Mukapeza yunifolomu (yofanana) kusakaniza limbitsa ndipo mumapeza mchere wodziwika bwino wa ana.
2. Nthaka za kukhitchini. Kawirikawiri chisakanizo cha propane ndi butane, mpweya womwe timagwiritsa ntchito kuyatsa chitofu kapena uvuni suwonekera (osakanikirana osakanikirana) ndikugawana nawo poyatsira, koma amatha kupatulidwa labotale kutengera mwayi wamankhwala ena kapena kusiyanasiyana kwakuthupi pakati awiriwo.
3. Mpweya wozungulira. Timatcha mpweya chisakanizo chosadziwika cha mpweya, womwe umaphatikizapo monatomics yambiri (Oxygen, Hydrogen, etc.) ndi mankhwala ena. Ngakhale samasiyanitsidwa pakuwona koyamba, ndizotheka kuwalekanitsa mu labotale ndikupeza iliyonse yoyera.
4. Madzi am'nyanja. Madzi a m'nyanja ndi abwino kwambiri inu pitani kunja. Komabe, ngati tiumitsa madzi a m'nyanja padzuwa, timapeza mchere pansi pa beseni chifukwa madziwo amasanduka nthunzi.
5. Magazi. Zinthu zopanda malire zosungunuka zimasungunuka m'magazi, maselo, michere, mapuloteni, michere ndi mpweya monga mpweya. Komabe, pang'onopang'ono, sitingazindikire chilichonse, pokhapokha titachiwona ndi microscope.
6. Mayo. Mayonesi ndi msuzi wozizira wa emulsified, osakaniza dzira ndi mafuta a masamba, palibe chomwe chimakhala chinthu choyera. Kotero ndi chisakanizo chovuta kwambiri cha zinthu zovuta zomwe sizingathe kuzindikira zigawo zake.
7. Shuga mu kapu yamadzi. Momwemo, shuga amasungunuka m'madzi, chifukwa chake titha kuiwala makhiristo ake tikamatsanulira mugalasi ndikusunthira ndi supuni ya tiyi. Komabe, ngati tipitiliza kuwonjezera (kukhutitsa yankho), tidzakwanitsa kusungunuka kotero kuti shuga wochulukirapo amakhala pansi, ndiye kuti, sangapanganso kusakaniza.
8. Madzi akuda Madzi odetsedwa ndi dothi kapena zinthu zina zonyansa amalola maso kuti awone zolumikizira zambiri zomwe zimaphimba kuwonekera kwake. Zinthu izi zimayimitsidwa m'madzi, kotero zimatha kuchotsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito a njira zosefera.
9. Bronze. Monga ma alloys onse, bronze ndi mgwirizano wazitsulo ziwiri zosiyana, monga mkuwa ndi malata (zinthu zoyera). Izi zimathandiza kuti pakhale zida zachitsulo zosakhazikika kwambiri, chifukwa maatomu awo samamanga zolimba nthawi zonse, chifukwa chake amatha kupindika ndi ductile, koma osagwirizana. Kupangidwa kwa bronze kunali kusintha kwenikweni kwa umunthu wakale.
10. Mpunga ndi nyemba. Momwe timazipusitsira m'mbale kapena mumphika, nyemba ndi mpunga zimawonekera ndi maso, ngakhale timadyera limodzi kuti tisangalale ndi kaphatikizidwe kake. Ichi ndi smorgasbord kwambiri ndipo mwangwiro chosavuta, ngati tikufuna kuwalekanitsa palimodzi.

Itha kukutumikirani

• Zitsanzo za Zosakaniza
• Zitsanzo zosakanikirana zofananira komanso zosakanikirana
• Zitsanzo za Chemistry mu Moyo watsiku ndi tsiku