Zamkati
Pulogalamu ya zamoyo amafunikira oxygen kuti athandizire kagayidwe kake ka thupi. Monga chotulukapo chake, amapanga chinthu chakupha: carbon dioxide. Njira yomwe mpweya umapezekera ndi kutaya kwa carbon dioxide kumatchedwa kupuma.
Mpweya wodziwika bwino kwa ife ndi m'mapapo mwanga: tonsefe ndi nyama zathu zoyandikira (agalu, amphaka, mbalame, akavalo, ndi zina zambiri) timapuma kudzera m'mapapu. Komabe, pali njira zina zopumira.
Pulogalamu ya dongosolo la tracheal ndi mtundu wa makina opumira omwe amakhala pa tracheae. Zimapangidwa ndi ma machubu opanda kanthu. Timachubu timeneti ndi tating'onoting'ono tikamalowa m'matumba. Mpweya umadutsa munthawi imeneyi yamachubu mwina kudzera mu dongosolo lokhalitsa (kufalikira) kapena kudzera munjira yogwiritsira ntchito (mpweya wabwino).
Chodziwika bwino cha tracheal system ndikuti ma machubu amafikira m'mimba mwake (ma micrometer ochepa) kotero kuti amapatsa ma oxygen mpweya mwachindunji, osagwiritsa ntchito kayendedwe ka magazi (monga kumachitika m'mapapo kupuma).
Nyama zomwe zili ndi tracheas ndi izi:
- Zojambulajambula: Ndi phylum yamitundu yambiri komanso yambiri. Chifukwa chake, ngakhale ma arthropods ena apadziko lapansi ali ndi kupuma kwamatenda, sikupezeka mwa iwo onse. Artropods ali Nyama zopanda mafupa ali ndi mafupa akunja komanso zowonjezera.
- Onychophores: Ndiwo nyama zazing'ono zokhala ndi miyendo yambiri yotsalira ndi zikhadabo ndi mawonekedwe otambalala. Amakhala ofanana ndi mphutsi kapena mbozi, koma ali ndi maso ndi / kapena tinyanga. Amadyetsa tizilombo ndi ma arachnid omwe amameta chifukwa cha chinthu chomwe amatulutsa, chomata.
Zitsanzo za kupuma kwamatenda
Ma Arachnids (arthropods): Kuphatikiza pa akangaude, squigs, nthata, ndi zinkhanira ndizonso arachnids. Atha kukhala ndi ziwalo zotsatirazi, kapena zonse ziwiri nthawi imodzi:
- Filotracheas: Ziwalo izi zimatchedwanso "mapapu am'buku." Ndiwo mabowo kukhoma kwamimba (intussusception). Kumbali imodzi ya khoma pali lamellae: zopindika pakhoma zomwe zimalumikizidwa ndi mipiringidzo. Magazi ali mkati mwa lamellae awa ndikusinthana kwa gasi kumachitika kumeneko. Chifukwa cha kupindika kwa khola lakumbuyo kwa chipinda cham'mlengalenga, chipinda chitha kupumira. Arachnids omwe ali ndi mapapu am'buku okha ndi mesothelae (achikulire arachnids), zinkhanira, uropygians, amblipigians, ndi schizomids.
- Tracheae: Amafanana ndi tizilombo, ndiye kuti ndi gulu la machubu a nthambi. Pamene tracheas alipo, magazi amayenda amachepetsa. Izi ndichifukwa choti ma tracheas amalola kuti mpweya uzigawidwa mwachindunji kumaselo ndipo sizimafuna kuti magazi azigwira ntchito mozungulira. Ma arachnids omwe amapuma kudzera ma tracheas ndi ma ricinulids, ma pseudocorpoiones, solífuos, opiliones ndi nthata. Araneomorphs (akangaude okhala ndi diagonal chelicerae) nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi machitidwe onse awiri.
Mitundu yambiri (Arthropods): Ndi ma centipedes, millipedes, pauropods ndi symphyla. Pali mitundu yopitilira 16,000 yazambiri. Njira yake yonyamulira imakhala yofanana ndi tizilombo.
Tizilombo (Arthropods): Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timapangidwa ndi:
- Stigmas (yomwe imadziwikanso kuti spiracles): Ndi pores yozungulira yomwe imalumikiza trachea kunja. Zina zimakhala ndi mphako (chipinda kapena atrium) zomwe zimachepetsa kutayika kwa madzi ndikuletsa kulowa kwa zinthu zosafunikira (fumbi kapena tiziromboti) chifukwa cha tsitsi kapena minga.
- Tracheas: Awa ndi machubu omwe mpweya wopuma umazungulira. Amakhala ndi mphete zozungulira zotchedwa tenidiums zomwe zimawalepheretsa kuti zisagwe.
- Trachealas: Ndizoyikika za ma tracheae, ndiye kuti, ndizocheperako ndipo zimanyamula mpweya kumatumba. Amakhudzana mwachindunji ndi maselo.
Onychophores: Amatchedwanso nyongolotsi za velvety. Amakhala m'malo otentha ndipo amakonda madera ozizira kwambiri. Makulidwe amtundu wa tracheal anu amakhala ndi gawo limodzi lokhazikika. Gawo lililonse lama tracheal ndilocheperako ndipo limapereka oxygen kuzinyama zapafupi zokha.
Itha kukutumikirani:
- Nyama zopuma m'mapapo
- Nyama zopuma khungu
- Nyama zopumira
