Zamkati
Asidi amawerengedwa kuti ndi gawo lililonse lomwe, likasiyanitsidwa ndi madzi amadzimadzi, limatulutsa ma ayoni a hydrogen (H+) ndipo imagwira ntchito ndi mamolekyulu amadzi kuti apange ma hydronium ions (H3KAPENA+). Zida zimapangidwa ndi kuphatikiza kwa okusayidi ndi madzi, ndipo chifukwa chake njira yothetsera vutoli imapeza asidi pH, ndiye kuti, yotsika kuposa 7.
Maziko, kumbali inayo, amapangidwa ndi mankhwala omwe mumadzimadzi amadzimadzi amatulutsa ma hydroxyl ions (OH '') ndikupangitsa pH yankho kupitilira pH 7.
Mbiri
Njira yofotokozera zidulo ndi mabasiketi ndi yakale kwambiri ndipo ndi gawo la chiphunzitso cha Arrhenius, chomwe chidayamba chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi. Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, Brönsted ndi Lowry adatanthauzira zidulo ngati zinthu zomwe zitha kusiya proton (H+) ndi maziko monga omwe angalandire proton (H+) woperekedwa ndi asidi. Analowa kale m'zaka za zana la makumi awiri, Lewis adatsimikiza kuti asidi ndi chinthu chokhoza kugawana kapena kuvomereza ma elekitironi, pomwe m'munsi mwake amatha kugawa kapena kupatsa ma elekitironi.
Makhalidwe
Ma acid nthawi zambiri amakhala owawa komanso owononga; mabotolo nawonso amawononga, ndikumverera koyipa komanso kukhudza sopo. Chizolowezi cha asidi chodzipatula ndi kutsitsa pH nthawi zambiri chimatchedwa "mphamvu yamchere." Kodi ndi zitsanzo za zidulo zamphamvu perchloric, sulfuric, hydroiodic, hydrobromic, hydrochloric ndi nitric.
Momwemonso, amatha kuwonedwa ngati maziko olimba potaziyamu, sodium, lithiamu ndi magnesium hydroxide. Komano, asidi, citric, ndi benzoic acid, ndi zidulo zopanda mphamvu; ammonia ndi maziko ofooka.
Kodi mchere umapangidwa bwanji?
Pulogalamu ya inu pitani kunja ndi mitundu yama ionic yamavuto osiyanasiyana, ndi yachilengedwe komanso amapangidwa ndi kuphatikiza kwa zidulo ndi mabowo, ndikupanga kutulutsa madzi. Mchere umatha kukhala wosalowerera ndale, wowonjezera kapena woyambira. M'mbuyomu, ma atomu onse a haidrojeni mu asidi adasinthidwa ndi a chitsulo chitsulo. Koma mchere wamchere umasungira maatomu amodzi kapena angapo a haidrojeni.
Komanso mchere ungakhale kawiri kapena katatu ngati ali ndi cation yopitilira imodzi kapena anion opitilira mmodzi. Mwachitsanzo, calcium potaziyamu fluoride ndi mchere wosalowerera ndale (CaKF3), chifukwa ili ndi ma cation awiri osiyana. Pomaliza, tifunika kutchula zamchere zamchere, momwe anion imodzi ndi hydroxide anion, mwachitsanzo, mu copper chloride trihydroxide (Cu2Cl (OH)3).
Kumbali ina, amadziwika kuti mchere wa ternary kapena zamaphunziro apamwamba kwa iwo omwe amapezeka pophatikiza chitsulo ndi chosasintha, monga sulphate, carbonate kapena dichromate, komanso ngati mchere wa quaternary ammonium kwa iwo omwe ma atomu onse a haidrojeni a ammonium asinthidwa m'malo mopitilira muyeso, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi tetramethylammonium chloride .
Kufalitsa ndi kufunikira
Pulogalamu ya zidulo Ndizofunikira kwambiri pamakampani komanso m'chilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, hydrochloric acid ndi gawo lam'magazi am'mimba ndipo ndikofunikira kuti tisiye mankhwala omwe amapezeka mchakudya. Deoxyribonucleic acid, yemwe amadziwika kuti DNA, amapanga ma chromosomes, ndipamene chidziwitso chazomwe zimafunikira kuti zinthu zamoyo zichuluke ndikukula chimasungidwa. Asidi a Boric ndi gawo lodziwika bwino pamakampani opanga magalasi.
Pulogalamu ya kashiamu carbonate Ndi mchere wambiri kwambiri pamiyala yamiyala yamiyala yosiyanasiyana. Pochita kutentha kwambiri (900 ° C), calcium carbonate imapezeka calcium oxide kapena quicklime. Kuphatikiza madzi kufulumira kumatulutsa calcium hydroxide, yotchedwa slaked laimu, yomwe ndi maziko. Izi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga.
