A mankhwala mankhwala ndiye zinthu zomwe zimachokera pakuphatikizika kwa zinthu ziwiri kapena zingapo zolumikizidwa pansi pamakonzedwe ena ndi magawo ena. Ndicho chifukwa chake pali mankhwala ambirimbiri; ngakhale kuphatikiza mitundu iwiri kapena itatu yokha ya ma atomu. Kuphatikiza ma atomu a kaboni, oxygen, ndi haidrojeni, mwachitsanzo, amapanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana monga shuga, glycogen ndi mapadi.
Popeza pali mankhwala ambiri, ndizofala kuwagawa mwanjira ina kuti athe kuwawerenga. Ena mwa magulu akulu azida zamagulu zachilengedwe ndi mchere, oxides, zidulo; mkati mwa organic a mapuloteni, chakudya, zidulo za nucleic ndi mafuta.
Pulogalamu ya Katundu wopangidwa ndi mankhwala si ofanana ndi omwe amapangidwa. Chigawo chilichonse chimakhala ndi dzina la mankhwala (lomwe limatsatira malamulo ena ake) ndi chilinganizo, mankhwala ena amakhalanso ndi dzina labwino, monga aspirin (yomwe ndi acetyl salicylic acid). Mayina apamwamba ndi othandiza makamaka molekyu ikakhala yayikulu komanso yovuta, chifukwa zimakhala zovuta kuzitchula pozifotokoza mwazinthu zamankhwala.
Pulogalamu ya chilinganizo cha mankhwala Ikuwonetsa zomwe zimapangidwa ndi ma atomu angati aliwonse omwe ali nawo. Ichi ndichifukwa chake mafomulowo amakhala ndi zilembo, zomwe ndizoyimira zamankhwala, ndi manambala pambuyo pa chizindikiro chilichonse cholembetsa, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa ma atomu. Pachigawo chopangidwa ndi mankhwala mamolekyulu ake onse ndi ofanana.
Pulogalamu ya maulalo zomwe zimagwirizira ma atomu mkati mwa molekyulu limodzi zitha kukhala covalent kapena ionic. Katundu wa pakompyuta amadalira, gawo lina, mtundu wa mgwirizano. Kutentha ndi kusungunuka, kusungunuka, mamasukidwe akayendedwe, ndi kachulukidwe, mwachitsanzo, ndi zina mwazinthu zazikuluzikulu zamankhwala.
Komanso nthawi zina amalankhula za zamoyo zamankhwala, makamaka pankhani zamankhwala ndi zamankhwala. Chifukwa chake, mankhwala ena ali ndi zotsutsana ndi zotupa, ena antipyretic, vasodilator, kupumula kwa minofu, maantibayotiki, antifungal, ndi zina zambiri. Kuti mudziwe momwe mankhwala amapangira mankhwala ndikofunikira kuchita zoyesa zingapo ndi miyezo.
Nawu mndandanda wazitsanzo zamankhwala (ndi mayina awo amankhwala kapena apamwamba)
- Saccharose
- Glycerol
- Sodium hypochlorite
- Nitrate yasiliva
- Calcium carbonate
- Sulphate yamkuwa
- Potaziyamu permanganate
- Asidi nitriki
- Nitroglycerine
- Insulini
- Phosphatidylcholine
- Acetic asidi
- Folic acid
- Vitamini D.
- Lysine
- Putrescine
- Iodide ya potaziyamu
- Katatu superphosphate
- Pentachlorophenol
- Hemoglobin
