Zitsanzo za Zachilengedwe ndi Zachilengedwe - Encyclopedia

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Zachilengedwe ndi Zopangira
Mitundu yachilengedwe
Zitsanzo zachilengedwe
Zitsanzo zachilengedwe

Pulogalamu ya zachilengedwe Ndi machitidwe azinthu zamoyo pamalo opatsidwa.

Amakhala ndi:

Biocenosis: Amatchedwanso gulu lachilengedwe. Ndilo gawo la zamoyo (zamoyo) zomwe zimakhala m'malo omwewo. Zimaphatikizapo mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zonsezi zomera ndi zinyama.
Biotope: Ndi malo ena omwe chilengedwe chimafanana. Ndi malo ofunikira a biocenosis.

Zachilengedwe zonse ndizovuta kwambiri chifukwa zimaphatikizira kulumikizana pakati pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zamoyo komanso zamoyo zomwe zili ndi zifukwa abiotic, monga kuwala, mphepo kapena zina mwa nthaka.

Zachilengedwe ndi Zopangira

Zachilengedwe: Ndi omwe amakula popanda kuthandizidwa ndi anthu. Ndizosiyanasiyana kwambiri kuposa zomwe zidapangidwa ndipo adasankhidwa kwambiri.
Zachilengedwe zopangira: Zimapangidwa ndi zochita za anthu ndipo sizinakhaleko kale m'chilengedwe.

Mitundu yachilengedwe

ZOCHITIKA ZOKHUDZA

M'madzi: Inali imodzi mwazinthu zachilengedwe zoyambirira, popeza zamoyo padziko lapansi pano zidayamba kunyanja. Ndi wolimba kwambiri kuposa madzi amchere kapena zamoyo zapadziko lapansi, chifukwa chakucheperako kwa kutentha. Zitha kukhala:
- Zotengera: Zamoyo zam'madzi zikalandira kuwala kokwanira, zimatha kukhala ndi zomera zomwe zimatha kupanga photosynthesis, zomwe zimakhudza zonse zachilengedwe, popeza ndi zamoyo zomwe zimatha kupanga zinthu zachilengedwe kuchokera kuzinthu zachilengedwe. Mwanjira ina, amayamba unyolo wa chakudya. Ndiwo malo okhala magombe, miyala yamchere yamchere, milomo yamitsinje, ndi zina zambiri.
- Aphotic: Palibe kuwala kokwanira kwa photosynthesis, chifukwa chake chilengedwechi chilibe zomera za photosynthetic. Pali mpweya wochepa, kutentha pang'ono komanso kuthamanga kwambiri.Zinthu zachilengedwezi zimapezeka m'nyanja yakuya, m'malo ozizira kwambiri, m'ngalande zam'nyanja komanso m'nyanja zambiri.
Madzi okoma: Ndi mitsinje ndi nyanja.
- Lotic: Mitsinje, mitsinje kapena akasupe. Onsewa ndi omwe madzi amapangika pakadali pano, akuwonetsa kusintha kwakuthupi kosiyanasiyana komanso malo okhala pang'ono (malo okhala mosiyanasiyana).
- Lentic: Lagos, madambo, mitsinje ndi madambo. Ndiwo matupi amadzi komwe kulibe nthawi zonse.

MALANGIZO OTHANDIZA

Omwe biocenosis ikukula m'nthaka kapena pansi. Makhalidwe azinthuzi amadalira chinyezi, kutentha, kutalika (kutalika kutalika kwa nyanja) ndi latitude (pafupi ndi Equator).

Mitengo: Phatikizani nkhalango zamvula, nkhalango zowuma, nkhalango zotentha, nkhalango zowirira, ndi nkhalango zazing'ono.
Zitsamba: Zili ndi zitsamba. Amatha kukhala shrub, xerophilous kapena moorland.
Madera: Pomwe zitsamba zimapezeka kwambiri kuposa zitsamba ndi mitengo. Amatha kukhala mapiri, masango kapena masitepe.
Zambiri: Kumene moss, ndere, zitsamba ndi zitsamba zing'onozing'ono zimapezeka kwambiri. Ali ndi dothi lachisanu.
Chipululu: Amapezeka m'malo otentha kapena otentha, komanso m'mapiri a ayezi.

ZINTHU ZOPHUNZITSIDWA

Ndizo zomwe, pokhala kusefukira, zitha kuonedwa ngati zam'mlengalenga kapena zam'madzi.

Zitsanzo zachilengedwe

Mtsinje (m'madzi, okoma, amadzimadzi): Mtsinje wamadzi womwe umayenda mosalekeza koma kutsika pang'ono kuposa mtsinje, ndichifukwa chake umatha kutha pamitengo youma. Nthawi zambiri sayenda panyanja, kupatula okhawo otsika kwambiri komanso othamanga kwambiri. Koma mulimonsemo, mabwato ang'onoang'ono kwambiri, monga mabwato kapena ma rafts, ndi omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito. Mitsinje imakhala ndi malo omwe amatchedwa malo ochepera omwe amatha kuwoloka pansi. Mwa iwo mumatha kukhala nsomba zazing'ono, ma crustaceans ndi tizilombo tambiri komanso amphibiya. Zomerazo makamaka ndimchere wamchere.
Nkhalango youma (terrestrial, nkhalango): amatchedwanso xerophilous, hiemisilva kapena nkhalango youma. Ndi chilengedwe cha nkhalango chosakanikirana. Nyengo zamvula ndizocheperako poyerekeza ndi nyengo zowuma, chifukwa chake mitundu yazinyama sichidalira kupezeka kwa madzi, monga mitengo yowola (imasiya masamba ake motero sataya chinyezi chochuluka). Nthawi zambiri amapezeka pakati pa nkhalango zamvula ndi zipululu kapena mapepala. Kutentha kwake kumatentha chaka chonse. Abambo, agwape, amphaka, mbalame zosiyanasiyana ndi makoswe amakhala nkhalangozi.
Chipululu cha mchenga (nthaka yachipululu): Nthaka makamaka ndimchenga, womwe umapanga milu ndi mphepo. Zitsanzo zenizeni ndi izi:

a) Chipululu cha Kalahari: Ngakhale idakhala chipululu, imadziwika ndi nyama zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo makoswe, antelope, akadyamsonga ndi mikango.
b) Chipululu cha Sahara: Chipululu chotentha kwambiri. Ili ndi malo opitilira 9 miliyoni ma kilomita (malo ofanana ndi aku China kapena United States), omwe amapezeka kumpoto kwa Africa.

Chipululu cha miyala (nthaka yachipululu): Nthaka yake ndi yamiyala ndi miyala. Amatchedwanso Hamada. Pali mchenga koma samapanga milu, chifukwa chochepa. Chitsanzo ndi chipululu cha Draa, kumwera kwa Morocco.
Chipululu cha Polar (nthaka yachipululu): Nthaka imapangidwa ndi ayezi. Mvula imasowa kwambiri ndipo madzi ndi amchere, motero nyama (monga zimbalangondo zakumtunda) zimayenera kupeza madzi ofunikira kuchokera kuzinyama zomwe zimadya. Kutentha kumakhala pansi pa madigiri zero. Chipululu chamtunduwu chimatchedwa indlandsis.
Pansi pa nyanja (aphotic marine): Ili m'dera lotchedwa "hadal", lomwe lili pansi pamalire a phompho, ndiye kuti, ndi lakuya kwambiri m'nyanja: kupitirira mamita 6,000. Chifukwa chakuchepa kwa kuwala ndi kukakamizidwa kwakukulu, michere yomwe ilipo imasowa kwambiri. Zinthu zachilengedwezi sizinafufuzidwe mokwanira, chifukwa chake zimangokhalapo lingaliro osatsimikiziridwa pa nzika zake. Amawona kuti amapulumuka chifukwa cha chipale chofewa cham'madzi, chomwe chimakhala chamtundu wa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timachokera kunyanja mpaka pansi.

Dera Lalikulu Lamchenga: Amapezeka kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Australia. Zina mwa zinyama zake ndi ngamila, dingo, goannas, abuluzi ndi mbalame.

Marsh (haibridi): Zimakhala zovutitsa nthaka yomwe ili pafupi ndi nyanja. Nthawi zambiri izi kukhumudwa Amapangidwa ndikudutsa kwa mtsinje, ndichifukwa chake kusakanikirana kwamadzi amchere ndi mchere m'derali. Ndi dambo, ndiye kuti, malo omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala osefukira kapena kosatha. Nthaka mwachilengedwe imapangidwa ndi silt, dongo ndi mchenga. Zomera zokha zomwe zimatha kukula m'chilengedwechi ndi zomwe zimatha kupirira mchere m'madzi pafupifupi 10%. Mbali inayi, zinyama ndizosiyanasiyana, kuyambira tizilombo tosaoneka ndi maso monga benthos, nekton ndi plankton ku mollusks, crustaceans, nsomba ndi akalulu.
Nsanja ya Continental (photic marine): Biotope yazachilengedwezi ndi malo amanjenje, ndiye kuti, malo am'madzi omwe ali pafupi ndi gombe koma osalumikizana nawo mwachindunji. Imaganiziridwa kuchokera mita 10 kuya mpaka 200 mita. Kutentha kumakhalabe kolimba m'chilengedwechi. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa zinyama, ndi malo omwe amakonda kusodza. Zomera zimakhalanso zochuluka komanso zosiyanasiyana chifukwa kuwala kwa dzuwa kumafika mwamphamvu mokwanira kulola photosynthesis.
Dambo lotentha (terrestrial, grassland): Zomera zazikulu ndi udzu, mabango ndi udzu. M'malo onsewa muli mitundu yoposa 200 ya udzu. Komabe, chofala kwambiri ndikuti ndi mitundu iwiri kapena itatu yokha yomwe imalamulira kwambiri. Zina mwazinyama ndi zodyeramo ziweto ndi mbalame.
Tundra yaku Siberia (terrestrial tundra): Amapezeka pagombe lakumpoto kwa Russia, ku Western Siberia, m'mbali mwa Nyanja ya Arctic. Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa dzuwa komwe kumafika pachilumbachi, zinthu zachilengedwe zambiri zidapangidwa, m'malire ndi nkhalango ya fir ndi spruce.

Zitsanzo zachilengedwe

Mosungira: Pomanga chomera chamagetsi Nyanja yopangira (posungira) nthawi zambiri imapangidwa potseka bedi lamtsinje ndikupangitsa kuti izisefukira. Zachilengedwe zomwe zidalipo kale zimasinthidwa mwakuya popeza ndi zamoyo zapadziko lapansi zimasanduka zamoyo zam'madzi zikamasefukira kwamuyaya ndipo gawo lina lachilengedwe la mumtsinjewo limakhala chilengedwe cha lentic.
Minda: Biotope yake ndi nthaka yachonde. Ichi ndi chilengedwe chomwe chapangidwa ndi munthu kwa zaka 9,000. Pali zachilengedwe zosiyanasiyana, osati kutengera mtundu wa Mtundu wa mbewu komanso njira yolima: kaya feteleza amagwiritsidwa ntchito kapena ayi, ngati agrochemicals agwiritsidwa ntchito, ndi zina zambiri. Zomwe zimatchedwa minda yachilengedwe ndi minda yambewu yomwe sigwiritsa ntchito mankhwala opangira koma m'malo mwake imawongolera kupezeka kwa tizilombo kudzera pazinthu zomwe zimapezeka mmelawo. Kumbali inayi, m'minda yazomera zam'mafakitale, zamoyo zonse zomwe zilipo zimayang'aniridwa kwambiri, kudzera m'mankhwala omwe amalepheretsa kukula kwa gawo lalikulu la zamoyo, kupatula zomwe zimalimidwa.
Tsegulani migodi ya dzenje: Mukapeza gawo lazinthu zamtengo wapatali mdera lina, lingagwiritsidwe ntchito kudzera mu migodi yosavuta. Ngakhale mtundu uwu wa migodi ndi wotsika mtengo kuposa ena, umakhudzanso kwambiri zachilengedwe, ndikupanga zake zokha. Zomera zakuthambo zimachotsedwa, komanso kumtunda kwa thanthwe. Zomera sizipulumuka m'migodi iyi, koma tizilombo ndi tizilombo tambiri titha kukhalapo. Chifukwa cha kusintha kosalekeza komwe kumachitika m'nthaka ya migodi, palibe nyama zina zomwe zimakhala.
Kutentha: Ndi mtundu wina wazinthu zomwe zimakulirapo momwe kutentha ndi chinyezi zimakhalira, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi pamalo am'mlengalenga. Izi, mosiyana ndi minda yambewu, sizimakhudzidwa ndi mphepo, mvula kapena kutentha, chifukwa zinthu zonsezi (kuyenda kwa mpweya, chinyezi, kutentha) zimayang'aniridwa ndi munthu.
Minda: Ndi zachilengedwe monga madambo, koma zimakhala ndi mitundu yazinyama zochepa kwambiri, popeza zomera zimasankhidwa ndi munthu ndipo nyama nthawi zambiri zimangokhala tizilombo, makoswe ang'ono ndi mbalame.
Mitsinje: Zitha kupangidwa mwachilengedwe kuchokera ku chilengedwe (mtsinje kapena nyanja) kapena zopangira (madzi opopa). Msewu umakumbidwa ndi mawonekedwe ofunikira ndikuonetsetsa kuti malo otsetsereka alowera njira yoyenera. Ngalandeyi imakutidwa ndi miyala kapena miyala ikuluikulu yoonetsetsa kuti kukokoloka kwa madzi sikungasinthe mawonekedwe ake. Dongosolo la mitsinje yokumba imeneyi limayamba ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe madzi amabweretsa, ndikuyika nderezo pansi ndi m'mbali mwa mtsinje ndikukopa tizilombo. Ngati gwero ndilachilengedwe, lilinso ndi nyama (nsomba ndi ma crustaceans) omwe amakhala m'chilengedwe.
Malo okhala mumzinda: Matauni ndi mizinda amapanga zachilengedwe zomwe sizinakhaleko anthu asanachite. Zinthu zachilengedwezi ndizomwe zasintha kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwa, ndikusintha kwambiri mitundu ya nyama yomwe ikukhalamo, komanso zinthu zina zomwe zimayanjana nawo. Chokhacho chomwe sichinasinthe ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu, ngakhale izi zikuwonjezeka. Nthaka za m'matawuni ndi m'mizinda zimapangidwa ndi zinthu zopangira (zocheperapo "malo obiriwira" okhala ndi dothi lachilengedwe). Chilengedwe chimakwera pamwamba panthaka mpaka mlengalenga komanso mobisa, ndikupanga nyumba, malo osungira, ma drainage system, ndi zina zambiri. Tizirombo chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa anthu ndizofala m'chilengedwechi.