Zitsanzo za ma Oxidizers

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Zotsatira za "redox"
Zitsanzo za ma oxidizers

Zinthuzo zowonjezera (O) ndi zinthu zopanga oxidizing zomwe, pansi pazikhalidwe zina za kutentha ndi kuthamanga, zimatha kusakanikirana ndi mafuta ndikupanga, ndendende, kuyaka. Pochita izi oxidizer amachepetsa kukhala mafuta ndipo yomalizirayi imakhudzidwa ndi yoyamba.

Ma oxidizers ndi othandizira okosijeni, omwe amakhala ndi vuto lochepetsa kwambiri makutidwe ndi okosijeni (amatulutsa kutentha), zinthu zambiri zamtunduwu zimawerengedwa kuti ndi zoopsa kapena zosamalidwa bwino, chifukwa zimatha kuyatsa kwambiri.

Amatchedwanso oxidizer, powonjezera, njira iliyonse yomwe kuyaka kotheka.

Onaninso: Zitsanzo za Mafuta

Zotsatira za "redox"

Pulogalamu ya zowonjezeraMonga zowonjezera, zimatulutsa machitidwe a "redox", ndiye kuti, kuchepetsa munthawi yomweyo komanso makutidwe ndi okosijeni. Potengera izi, kusinthana kwamagetsi kumachitika mpaka pomwe ma oxidant amapeza ma elekitironi (amachepetsa) ndipo ochepetsera amataya ma elekitironi (okosijeni). Zida zonse zomwe zimakhudzidwa, kuphatikiza apo, zimapeza dziko la okosijeni.

Zitsanzo zamachitidwe amtunduwu ndimomwe zimaphulika, kaphatikizidwe ka mankhwala kapena dzimbiri.

Mpweya (O₂). Makina a oxidizer par, omwe amachita pafupifupi chilichonse choyaka moto kapena zotuluka. M'malo mwake, moto wamba sungachitike osakhalapo. Mwambiri, kusintha kwa redox kochokera ku oxygen kumatulutsa, kuwonjezera pa mphamvu, kuchuluka kwa CO₂ ndi madzi.
Mpweya (O₃). Molekyu yamagesi yosaoneka bwino yachilengedwe, ngakhale imakhala yochulukirapo kumtunda, imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyeretsa madzi ndi njira zina zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yake yolimbitsa mphamvu.
Hydrogen peroxide (H₂KAPENA₂). Amadziwikanso kuti hydrogen peroxide kapena dioxogen, ndi madzi ozizira kwambiri, okhala ndi oxidizing kwambiri, omwe nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupha mabala kapena tsitsi la bleach. Mchitidwe wake ndi wosakhazikika ndipo umayamba kugwa m'mamolekyulu amadzi ndi okosijeni, ndikumatulutsa mphamvu yakutentha pochita izi. Sitha kuyaka, koma imatha kuyaka zokha ikakhala mkuwa, siliva, mkuwa kapena zinthu zina.
Ma Hypochlorites (ClO-). Ma ayoni awa amapezeka m'magulu angapo monga ma bleach amadzimadzi (sodium hypochlorite) kapena ufa (calcium hypochlorite), omwe amakhala osakhazikika kwambiri ndipo amatha kuwola pamaso pa dzuwa, kutentha ndi njira zina. Amachita modetsa nkhawa ndi zinthu zakuthupi, zomwe zimatha kuyatsa, komanso manganese, ndikupanga ma permanganate..
Amaloledwa. Izi ndi mchere womwe umapezeka kuchokera ku permanganésic acid (HMnO₄), komwe amalandila anion MnO₄^– chifukwa chake manganese ali m'malo okwera kwambiri. Amakonda kukhala ndi mtundu wamphamvu wa violet komanso wosachedwa kuyaka kwambiri pokhudzana ndi zinthu zakuthupi., kupanga lawi lamoto ndipo limatha kuyatsa kwambiri.
Peroxosulfuric asidi (H₂SW₅). Cholimba ichi chopanda utoto, chosungunuka pa 45 ° C, chimakhala ndi mafakitale ambiri ngati mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso oyeretsa, komanso popanga mchere wa asidi pamaso pa potaziyamu (K). Pamaso pa ma molekyulu, monga ether ndi ketoni, amapanga mamolekyulu osakhazikika kwambiri kudzera mu peroxygenation, monga acetone peroxide.
Acetone peroxide (C₉H₁₈KAPENA₆). Amadziwika kuti peroxyketone, chilengedwechi chimaphulika kwambiri, chifukwa chimachedwa kutentha, kukangana kapena kukhudzidwa. Ichi ndichifukwa chake zigawenga zambiri zagwiritsa ntchito ngati chofufuzira pakuwukira kwawo ndipo asayansi ochepa avulala pochita izi. Ndi molekyu yosakhazikika kwambiri, yomwe ikawonongeka kukhala zinthu zina zokhazikika imatulutsa mphamvu zambiri (kuphulika kwa entropic).
Ma Halojeni. Zina mwa gulu la VII la tebulo la periodic, lotchedwa halogen, zimakonda kupanga ma ayoni osagwirizana chifukwa chofunikira ma elekitironi kuti amalize mphamvu zawo zomaliza, potero amapanga mchere wotchedwa halides omwe ali ndi oxidizing kwambiri.
Kutulutsa reagent. Wotchedwa katswiri wamagetsi waku Germany Bernhard Tollens, ndimadzimadzi amadzimadzi a diamine (magulu awiri amine: NH₃) ndi siliva, zoyeserera poyesera kupeza aldehydes, popeza mphamvu yawo yamphamvu ya okosijeni imawasintha kukhala ma carboxylic acid. Ma reolant reagent, komabe, ngati amasungidwa kwa nthawi yayitali, amadzipangira okha (AgCNO), mchere wamchere wophulika kwambiri..
Osmium Tetroxide(Chimbalangondo₄). Ngakhale osmium ndiosowa, pompano pali zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa, kugwiritsa ntchito, komanso katundu. Olimba, mwachitsanzo, ndiwosakhazikika kwambiri: amasandulika mpweya wamafuta kutentha. Ngakhale kukhala wamphamvu kwambiri, wokhala ndimagwiritsidwe ntchito angapo mu labotale ngati chothandizira, sichimagwirizana ndi chakudya chambiri, koma ndi woopsa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi amene munthu angamve.
Mchere wa Perchloric acid (HClO₄). Mchere wambiri muli chlorine wokhala ndi mpweya wokwanira, womwe umawapangitsa kukhala abwino kuphatikiza zida, zida za pyrotechnic ndi mafuta a rocket, popeza ndimakina othandizira kwambiri osungunuka pang'ono.
Ma nitrate (NO₃^–). Mofanana ndi ma permanganate, ndi mchere womwe nayitrogeni ali wofunikira kwambiri mu oxidation. Mitundu yamtunduwu imawoneka mwachilengedwe pakuwonongeka kwa zinyalala monga urea kapena mapuloteni ena a nayitrogeni, omwe amapanga ammonia kapena ammonia, ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati feteleza. Imeneyi ndi mbali yofunikira ya ufa wakuda, pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yake ya okosijeni kuti isinthe kaboni ndi sulufule ndikutulutsa mphamvu ya caloric..
Sulfoxides. Amapezeka makamaka ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni a ma sulfide, mankhwalawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mankhwala ndipo pakakhala mpweya wambiri amatha kupitiliza makutidwe ndi okosijeni mpaka atakhala ma sulfone, othandiza ngati maantibayotiki.
Chromium trioxide (CrO₃). Kapangidwe kameneka ndi kolimba kofiira kofiira, kosungunuka m'madzi ndikofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito galvanizing ndi chromating yazitsulo. Kukhudzana kokha ndi ethanol kapena zinthu zina zachilengedwe kumayambitsa kuyatsa kwanthawi yomweyo..
Makampani omwe ali ndi cerium VI. Cerium (Ce) ndichinthu chomwe chimapanga lanthanides, chitsulo chofewa, ductile, chosakanikirana mosavuta. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya cerium oxides yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'makampani, makamaka popanga machesi komanso ngati mwala wopepuka ("tinder") pogwiritsa ntchito aloyi wokhala ndi chitsulo., popeza kukangana kokha ndi malo ena ndikokwanira kutulutsa ma sparks ndi kutentha kogwiritsa ntchito.