Zamkati
- Malamulo akutchula asayansi
- Kodi mitundu yosiyana bwanji ndi subspecies?
- Njira ina yomvetsetsa tanthauzo la mitundu ya zamoyo
- Zitsanzo za mitundu
- Mitundu yazinyama
- Mitundu yazomera zazomera
- Mitundu yaying'ono yamitundu ya protista
- Subspecies a mitundu bowa ndi ndere
Zimamveka ndi zamoyo ku gulu kapena gulu la zamoyo (nyama ya nyama kapena mbewu) zomwe zimagawana miyambo, zizolowezi ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndi ena komanso osiyana ndi ena. Mtundu umakhalanso ndi kuthekera kophatikizana kapena kuberekana ndikupanga ana achonde.
Mitundu imagawana gulu lomweli la DNA, lomwe limapangitsa kuti zamoyo zamtundu womwewo zizindikirane mwa kufanana.
Malamulo akutchula asayansi
Malamulo a nomenclature omwe amafanana ndi magulu asayansi akuwonetsa mitundu isanu yamitundu isanu:
- Nyama
- Zomera
- Zomera zolimidwa
- Mabakiteriya
- Kachilombo
Pakati pa mitundu yonseyi, ndizotheka kudziwa zazing'ono zingapo kapena zazing'ono. Subpecies amadziwika kuti ndi mtundu wolandila kapena wotukuka. Subpecies ali ndi mawonekedwe ofanana, a thupi ndi machitidwe kapena machitidwe ofanana ndi mitundu yomwe akukhalamo, koma atha kukhala ndi mawonekedwe ena osiyanasiyana osinthika kuzachilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, nkhandwe yaku Mexico ndi gawo lina laimvi.
Kodi mitundu yosiyana bwanji ndi subspecies?
Kuchokera pakuphunzira kwasayansi kumadziwika mosavuta popeza, ngakhale mtunduwo uli ndi dzina limodzi kapena awiri, dzina lachitatu limawonjezeredwa ku subspecies. Kupitiliza ndi chitsanzo cha mitundu ya nkhandwe imvi, imalandira dzina laulemu Canis lupus, pomwe subspecies za nkhandwe yaku Mexico zimatchulidwa kuti Canis Lupus Bayleyi (kapena Baileyi).
Njira ina yomvetsetsa tanthauzo la mitundu ya zamoyo
Ngakhale kulibe kutanthauzira kovomerezeka padziko lonse lapansi pankhani yokhudza mitundu ya zamoyo, njira zotsatirazi zosankhira zolengedwa zidzaganiziridwa, zomwe zimakhala ndi mitundu 29 yosiyanasiyana, momwe mutha kugawa magawo ang'onoang'ono ndi mabanja angapo kapena magulu angapo.
Mwachitsanzo: ya mkango ndi galu. Zonsezi zimapezeka mkati mwa nyama, koma ndi za mabanja osiyanasiyana: mkango (Panthera leo) ndi wa banja la felidae, pomwe galu (Canis lupus familiaris) amachokera kubanja la canidae.
Zitsanzo za mitundu
| Zowonjezera: 116 | Anthu aku Crustaceans: 47,000 | Katundu: 16,236 |
| Algae wobiriwira: 12,272 | Spermatophytes: 268,600 | Ena: 125,117 |
| Amphibians: 6,515 | Masewera olimbitsa thupi: 1,021 | Nsomba: 31,153 |
| Nyama: 1,424,153 | Amuna: 12,000 | Zomera zamitsempha: 281,621 |
| Ma Arachnids: 102,248 | Bowa: 74,000 -120,0004 | Zomera: 310,129 |
| Mabwalo: 5,007 | Tizilombo: 1,000,000 | Otsutsa: 55,0005 |
| Mbalame: 9,990 | Zosagwirizana: 1,359,365 | Zinyama: 8,734 |
| Mabakiteriya: 10,0006 | Njere: 17,000 | Amathandizira: 2,760 |
| Cephalochordates: 33 | Zinyama: 5,487 | Mavairasi: 32,002 |
| Maulendo: 64,788 | Mollusks: 85,000 |
Mitundu yazinyama
| Acanthocephala: 1,150 | Echinodermata: 7,003 | Nemertea: 1,200 |
| Annelida: 16,763 | Echiura: 176 | Onychophora: 165 |
| Arachnida: 102,248 | Entoprocta: 170 | Pauropoda: 715 |
| Artropoda: 1,166,660 | Chiphalaphala: 400 | Pentastomide: 100 |
| Brachiopoda: 550 | Gnathostomulida: 97 | Phoronid: 10 |
| Bryozoa: 5,700 | Hemichordata: 108 | Placozoa: 1 |
| Cephalochordata: 23 | Tizilombo: 1,000,000 | Zolemba za Platyhelmint: 20,000 |
| Chaetognatha: 121 | Kinorhyncha: 130 | Porifera: 6000 |
| Chilopoda: 3,149 | Loricifera: 22 | Priapulida: 16 |
| Chordata: 60,979 | Mesozoa: 106 | Pycnogonida: 1,340 |
| Cnidaria: 9,795 | Mollusca: 85,000 | Rotifera: 2,180 |
| Crustacea: 47,000 | Monoblastozoa: 1 | Sipuncula: 144 |
| Ctenophora: 166 | Myriapoda: 16,072 | Symphyla: 208 |
| Cycliophora: 1 | Nematoda: <25,000 | Wakuda: 1,045 |
| Diplopoda: 12,000 | Nematomorpha: 331 | Urochordata: 2,566 |
Mitundu yazomera zazomera
| Zowonjezera: 1 | Equisetophyta: 15 | Marchantiophyta: 9,000 |
| Angiosperms: 254,247 | Eudicotyledoneae 175,000 | Ma monctronizon: 70,000 |
| Anthocerotophyta 100 | Masewera olimbitsa thupi: 831 | Zolemba: 15,000 |
| Austrobaileyales: 100 | Ginkgophyta: 1 | Nymphaeaceae: 70 |
| Bryophyta: 24,100 | Gnetophyta: 80 | Ophioglossales: 110 |
| Ceratophyllaceae: 6 | Amuna: 12,480 | Ma conifers ena: 400 |
| Chowonjezera: 70 | Lycophyta: 1,200 | Zowonjezera: 220 |
| Cycadophyta: 130 | Magnoliidae: 9,000 | Othandizira: 15 |
| Ma Dicots: 184,247 | Bakuman 240 | Pterophyta: 11,000 |
Mitundu yaying'ono yamitundu ya protista
| Acantharia: 160 | Dictyphyceae: 15 | Sakanizani:> 900 |
| Actinophryidae: 5 | Dinoflagellata: 2,000 | Nucleohelea: 160-180 |
| Alveolata: 11,500 | Euglenozoa: 1520 | Opalinata: 400 |
| Amoebozoa:> 3,000 | Eumycetozoa: 655 | Opisthokonta |
| Apicomplexa: 6,000 | Eustigmatophyceae: 15 | Ma amoebozoa ena: 35 |
| Apusomonadida: 12 | Fukula: 2,318 | Parabasalia: 466 |
| Arcellinide: 1,100 | Foraminifera:> 10,000 | Pelagophyceae: 12 |
| Archaeplastida | Dama: 146 | Zolemba za Peronosporomycetes: 676 |
| Bacillariophyta: 10,000-20,000 | Glaucophyta: 13 | Phaeophyceae: 1,500-2,000 |
| Bicosoecida: 72 | Haplosporidia: 31 | Phaeothamniophyceae: 25 |
| Cercozoa: <500 | Haptophyta: 350 | Pinguiophyceae: 5 |
| Choanomonade: 120 | Heterokontophyta: 20,000 | Polycystinea: 700-1,000 |
| Choanozoa: 167 | Heterolobosea: 80 | Preaxostyla: 96 |
| Chromista: 20,420 | Ma Hyphochytriales: 25 | Protostelia: 36 |
| Chrysophyceae: 1,000 | Jakobida: 10 | Raphidophyceae: 20 |
| Ciliophora: 3,500 | Zolemba za Labyrinthulomycetes: 40 | Rhizaria:> 11,900 |
| Cryptophyta: 70 | Lobosa: 180 | Rhodophyta: 4,000-6,000 |
| Dictyostelia:> 100 | Mesomycetozoa: 47 | Synurophyceae: 200 |
Subspecies a mitundu bowa ndi ndere
| Ascomycota: ~ 30,000 | Basidiomycota: ~ 22,250 | Zina (microfungi): ~ 30,000 |
