Zamkati
Pulogalamu ya kugwilizana ndi njira yolumikizirana pakati pa zamoyo zosiyanasiyana. Amadziwika chifukwa, chifukwa cha ubalewu, zamoyo zonse ziwiri zimapindula, kukulitsa kuthekera kwawo kwachilengedwe (kuthekera kopulumuka ndi kubereka monga mtundu).
Ndikofunikira kusiyanitsa mgwirizano pakati pa mitundu ina yolumikizana pakati pa zamoyo:
- Parasitism: Chamoyo chikadyetsa china, kuchivulaza koma osachipha.
- Kukhazikika: Zimachitika pomwe mtundu umodzi umapindula ndi ubalewo, pomwe winayo sapindula kapena kuvulazidwa.
- Kuchita bwino: Zimachitika pamene mitundu iwiri yosiyana imadalira chimodzimodzi. Mwachitsanzo, ngati mitundu iwiri ya obisala idya nyama yomweyo, ayenera kupikisana kuti apeze chakudya. Ubale wampikisano umachitika pomwe kupezeka kwa mtundu umodzi wamtunduwu kumakhudza wina mosinthanitsa.
- Chiwonongeko: Zimachitika pamene mtundu wina umadyetsa wina.
- Mgwirizano: Mitundu yonse iwiri imapindula koma imatha kukhala payokha.
Mosiyana ndi mitundu ina yolumikizirana, mgwirizano ndi gawo lofunikira pakupulumuka ndi chitukuko cha zamoyo zonse zomwe zikukhudzidwa.
Olemba ena amagwiritsa ntchito kulimbana monga tanthauzo lofananira pomwe ena amaganiza kuti mgwirizano ndi mgwirizano pakangokhala ubale womwe ungakhale wofunikira kuti mupulumuke.
Mitundu ya mutualism itha kukhala:
- Zowonjezera - Zothandizira: Mitundu iwiri yomwe ikukhudzana ndi ubalewu imapeza zida zofananira. Mwachitsanzo, onsewa amapeza chakudya chomwe sakanatha kuchipeza paokha.
- Utumiki - Zothandizira: Mmodzi mwa mitunduyu amapindula ndi zinthu zina ndipo amapereka ntchito.
- Utumiki - Utumiki: Mitundu yonse iwiri imapindula ndi ntchito ina.
Itha kukutumikirani:
- Zitsanzo za Symbiosis
- Zitsanzo za Maunyolo A Chakudya
- Zitsanzo za Chisinthiko
Zitsanzo za mutualism
Mycorrhiza ndi Chipinda
Ndiwo mgwirizano wapakati pa bowa ndi mizu yazomera. Bowa amalandira chakudya ndi mavitamini omwe sangathe kudzipangira okha.
Chomeracho chimalandira michere ndi madzi amchere. Mycorrhiza ndiyofunikira kwambiri pakupulumuka kwazomera kotero kuti akuti imapezeka pakati pa 90 ndi 95% yamitundu yapadziko lapansi. Uwu ndiye ubale wothandizana, popeza zomera ndi bowa zimalandira michere.
Kuuluka
Ndiwo ubale wapakati pa nyama ndi chomera cha angiosperm. Mitengo ya Angiosperm ndi yomwe ili ndi maluwa okhala ndi stamens (ziwalo zoberekera za abambo) ndi ma carpels (ziwalo zoberekera zazimayi). Maluwa omwe ali ndi stamens ndi omwe ali ndi mungu, womwe umayenera kufikira ma carpel a maluwa ena kuti akwaniritse kuberekanso.
Nyama zina zimagwira ntchito yotulutsa mungu, ndiye kuti, amatumiza mungu kuchokera ku duwa lina kupita ku linalo. Otsitsa mungu akhoza kukhala njuchi, mavu, nyerere, ntchentche, agulugufe, kafadala, ndi mbalame. Nyama zina zimatha kunyamula mungu, monga mileme, zina zotchedwa marsupials, makoswe, ndi anyani. Uwu ndi ubale wothandizirana, popeza nyama zimapereka mungu kuchokera pamene zomera zimapereka timadzi tokoma kapena mungu.
Zowonongeka ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda
M'matumbo a zowononga (nyama zomwe zimagaya magawo awiri) pali madera a tizilombo zomwe zimawalola kupukusa mapadi mu chakudya chawo. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timapindula ndi chakudya chomwe tapeza.
Anemone ndi nsomba zoseketsa
Anemone yam'nyanja imakhala yofanana ndi maluwa, mawonekedwe ofanana kwambiri. Amapanga mankhwala oopsa otchedwa actinoporins, omwe amachititsa kuti thupi liwonongeke. Clownfish (amphiprioninae) ali ndi mikwingwirima yofiira, pinki, yakuda, yachikasu, lalanje, kapena yoyera.
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya clownfish imalumikizidwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya anemones. Nsombazi sizikhala ndi actinoporin, zomwe zimawathandiza kuti azitha kuyenda pakati pa ma anemone, pomwe amapeza pogona, chakudya, ndi chitetezo ku nsomba zikuluzikulu. Anemone amapindula chifukwa nsombayo imachotsa tiziromboti ndi zinthu zina zomwe zimawononga. Uwu ndi ubale - wothandizira.
Acacia ndi nyerere
Nyanga ya mthethe kapena nyanga ya ng'ombe ndi shrub yomwe imatha kutalika mpaka 10 mita. Dzinali limachitika chifukwa chokhala ndi ming'alu yayikulu yopindika yomwe imawoneka ngati nyanga zamphongo. Nyerere zimakhala m'mitengo, zimadya shuga yemwe mbewuyo imatulutsa.
Chomeracho chimapindula ndi chitetezo cha nyerere kuchokera ku nyama zodyetsa zomwe zimatha kudya mphukira zake, zomwe zimachepetsa kukula ndi kupulumuka. Kuphatikiza apo, nyerere zimadya zomera zina zomwe zili pafupi ndi mthethe, kuthetseratu ubale womwe ungachitike pakupikisana pazinthu monga madzi, dzuwa ndi zakudya.
Nyerere ndi nsabwe za m'masamba
Nsabwe za m'masamba (aphididae) ndi tizilombo zomwe sizili zogwirizana kapena zokhudzana ndi utitiri. Nsabwe za m'masamba ndi majeremusi a zomera za angiosperm. Mmenemo amapanga timabowo tating'onoting'ono m'masamba, komwe amayamwa kuyamwa.
Nyerere zimayandikira nsabwezo ndi kuzipaka ndi tinyanga tawo. Kenako nsabwezi zimatulutsa uchi, chinthu chomwe chimapatsa nyerere chakudya. Nsabwe za m'masamba zimapindula ndi kukhalapo kwa nyerere, zomwe zimawateteza ku mitundu ina.
Nsomba ndi nkhanu
Nkhumba zimapha tiziromboti topezeka pakhungu la nsomba zina. Mitundu yonse iwiriyi imapindulanso chimodzimodzi ndi maubwenzi apakati pa mvuu ndi mbalame ndi njati ndi nsungu.
Ndere ndi ndere
Ndiwo bowa omwe ali ndi khungu laling'ono la algae pamtunda wawo. 25% ya mitundu ya mafangasi imagwiritsa ntchito bungweli. Ubwino womwe bowa limapeza ndi mpweya wokonzedwa ndi ndere chifukwa cha photosynthesis yomwe amachita. Algae amapindula chifukwa amatha kusintha malo okhala.
Chisoti ndi kangaude
Tarantula ndi mtundu waukulu wa kangaude. Amalola kuti kachilombo kakamwa kakang'ono kamene kamakhalabe mumtsinje wake poziteteza ku tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso kusamalira mazira ake. The toad amapindula ndi chitetezo cha tarantula.
Zitsamba ndi njati
Ng'ombe Egret (Bubulcus ibis) ndi mbalame ya pelecaniform. Ku Africa, mbalamezi zimatsata mbidzi, agwape, nyumbu, ndi njati za kaffir. Njira yodziwika bwino yolumikizirana ndiyomwe imakhazikitsidwa ndi njati, yomwe amachotsa tizilomboti, momwe amadyetsamo. Uwu ndi ubale wothandizira.
Nsomba ndi prawn wakhungu
Luther's goby ndi nsomba yowona bwino kwambiri yomwe ilibe manja. Nkhono yakhungu imakumba phanga kapena ngalande pamwamba pa nyanja yomwe imalola onse awiri kudziteteza. Nsombazi zimapindula chifukwa zimatsagana ndi nsombayo ikapita kokasaka chakudya, ndi tinyanga tawo tokhala pa thupi la nsombayo, amene amaisonyeza njirayo ndipo amaichenjeza kwa nyama zolusa.
Mvuu ndi mbalame
Mofanana ndi njati, mbalame zina zimadyetsa tiziromboti topezeka pakhungu la mvuu. Mvuu imapindula ndi kuchotsa zamoyo zomwe zimawononga pomwe mbalame imangodyetsa komanso imalandira chitetezo cha mvuu.
Itha kukutumikirani
- Zitsanzo za Symbiosis
- Zitsanzo za Commensalism
- Zitsanzo za Maunyolo A Chakudya
- Zitsanzo za Parasitism
- Zitsanzo za Chisinthiko
