Nkhani

Zamkati

• Mitundu ya nkhani
• Zitsanzo za nkhani

Pulogalamu ya nkhani Ndi nkhani yayifupi, yokhala ndi anthu ochepa komanso chiwembu chimodzi chomwe chitha kutengera zochitika zenizeni kapena zopeka. Mwachitsanzo: Kupitilira kwa mapaki (Julio Cortazar), Mtima Wokuuzani (Edgar Allan Poe) ndi Chimon Wachirawit (Carlo Collodi).

Nkhani izi zili ndi chiwembu chosavuta, momwe anthuwo amatenga nawo gawo limodzi. Malowa nawonso ndi ochepa: zochitikazo nthawi zambiri zimachitika m'malo amodzi kapena awiri.

Monga nkhani iliyonse, nkhaniyi idapangidwa m'magulu atatu:

1. Chiyambi. Ndiko kuyamba kwa nkhaniyi, momwe otchulidwa ndi zolinga zawo amaperekedwera, kuwonjezera pa "chizolowezi" cha nkhaniyi, chomwe chidzasinthidwe pa mfundo.
2. Dziwani. Mikangano yomwe imasokoneza chikhalidwe imaperekedwa ndipo zochitika zofunika kwambiri zimachitika.
3. Zotsatira. Pachimake ndi kuthetsa kusamvana kumachitika.

• Onaninso: Zolemba

Mitundu ya nkhani

• Nkhani zodabwitsa. Anthu omwe akutenga nawo gawo pachiwembucho ali ndi mikhalidwe yabwino. Mwachitsanzo: ma fairies, mfiti, mafumu achifumu, ziphuphu, ma gnomes, elves. Matsenga ndi zochitika zosangalatsa ndizambiri. Nthawi zambiri amapangidwira ana. Mwachitsanzo: Little Red Riding Hood, Pinocchio, Little Mermaid.
• Nthano zodabwitsa. M'nkhanizi, zochitika wamba komanso zatsiku ndi tsiku zimafotokozedwa zomwe zimasokonezedwa mwadzidzidzi ndi chinthu chosamveka chomwe chimaphwanya malamulo achilengedwe. Kwa otchulidwa, palibe kusiyana pakati pazotheka komanso zosatheka. Ndiye kuti, zosangalatsa zimadziwika ngati zachilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo: Aleph, Mtsinje wa Nthenga.
• Nkhani zenizeni. Amagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zachilengedwe, chifukwa chake nkhani zawo ndizodalirika, zotheka zenizeni. Sizimaphatikizapo zochitika zamatsenga kapena zosangalatsa, komanso zilembo zomwe zimatha kutuluka (monga mfiti, ma fairi kapena mizukwa). Malo ake azanthawi yayitali nthawi zambiri amatengedwa kuchokera ku moyo weniweni, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nkhaniyi ikhale yoona. Mwachitsanzo: Kalulu, Wophera Anthu.
• Nkhani zowopsa. Cholinga chake ndikupangitsa mantha kapena kuda nkhawa mwa owerenga, ndipo izi zimakwaniritsidwa pakupanga mawonekedwe ena kapena kufotokozera nkhani zowopsa. Mitu ina yomwe imapezeka munkhani zamtunduwu ndi milandu yoopsa, mizukwa kapena nyumba zotembereredwa. Mwachitsanzo: Mphaka wakuda, Wachizindikiro.
• Nkhani zofufuza. Nkhaniyi imazungulira mlandu komanso kusaka wolakwa. Nkhaniyi imaganizira kwambiri kufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane momwe apolisi kapena ofufuza amayeserera kupeza wolakwayo ndikumvetsetsa chifukwa chake. Pali mitundu iwiri ya nkhani za ofufuza:

• • Zakale. Wofufuza ndi amene amayang'anira kufotokoza chinsinsi chomwe, poyamba, chimakhala chovuta kuthana nacho. Kuti achite izi, amagwiritsa ntchito malingaliro ndi kuwunika mwatsatanetsatane. Mwachitsanzo: Kalata yobedwa.
  • Anthu akuda. Makhalidwewa ndi ovuta kuposa apolisi akale ndipo kusiyanitsa pakati pa ngwazi ndi zoyipa sizowonekera bwino. Mwachitsanzo: Mthunzi usiku.

Zitsanzo za nkhani

Zodabwitsa

1. red Riding Hood. Wolemba waku France Charles Perrault ndiye woyamba kulemba nkhani yofotokozedwa pakamwa. Imafotokoza za msungwana yemwe, popempha amayi ake, amabweretsa dengu kwa agogo ake aakazi, omwe amakhala kuthengo ndipo amadwala. Ali panjira, mtsikanayo ananyengedwa ndi nkhandwe yayikulu yoyipa. Tithokze kwa wolemba matabwa yemwe amadutsa, nkhaniyi imatha ndikumaliza kosangalatsa.
2. Chimon Wachirawit. Wolemba wake ndi Carlo Collodi. Nkhaniyi idasindikizidwa mu nyuzipepala yaku Italiya Giornale pa ine bambini pakati pa chaka cha 1882 ndi 1883. Protagonist ndi chidole chamatabwa chomwe chimakhala mwana weniweni, monga mmisiri wake wamatabwa, Geppetto, adalakalaka. Chofunikacho chimaperekedwa ndi Blue Fairy, koma ndi chenjezo: kuti chidole chikhale mwana weniweni, ayenera kuwonetsa kuti ndiwomvera, wokoma mtima, wowolowa manja komanso wowona mtima. Pepito Grillo, yemwe amakhala liwu la chikumbumtima chake, adzagwira nawo gawo lalikulu pokwaniritsa izi.
3. Mermaid wamng'ono. Yolembedwa ndi wolemba ndakatulo waku Danish Hans Christian Andersen, nkhaniyi idasindikizidwa mu 1937. Imafotokoza nkhani ya mwana wamkazi wamfumu wachichepere wotchedwa Ariel yemwe, monga mphatso ya tsiku lobadwa, amakonzekera kukwaniritsa loto lake: kudziwa dziko la anthu.

MALANGIZO OTHANDIZA

1. Aleph. Idalembedwa ndi Jorge Luis Borges ndipo idasindikizidwa koyamba m'magaziniyo Kumwera mu 1945 ndipo pambuyo pake, idakhala gawo la buku lomwe limatchulidwanso. Protagonist wa nkhaniyi - yemwe ali ndi dzina lofanana ndi wolemba wake, kuti apange malire pakati pa zenizeni ndi zopeka asamveke bwino - adzakumana ndi kutayika kowawa kwa Beatriz Viterbo. Tsiku lililonse lokumbukira imfa yake, monga momwe adalonjezera, pitani kunyumba komwe amakhala mpaka atamwalira. Kumeneko adakhazikitsa ubale ndi msuweni wa Beatriz, a Daneri, omwe amamuwonetsa ndakatulo yayikulu yolemba kwake ndikuyesera kuyambitsa.
2. Nthenga ya nthenga. Nkhaniyi idalembedwa ndi a Uruguay Horacio Quiroga, ndipo adaphatikizidwa Nkhani zachikondi, misala ndi imfa, lofalitsidwa mu 1917. Alicia akuyamba kudwala matenda achilendo omwe, popita masiku, amamusiya pakama pake. Dokotala amayesetsa m'njira zosiyanasiyana kuti amuchiritse, koma osaphula kanthu. Tsiku lina, pamene wantchitoyo anali kugona kwa mayi ake, anapeza mabala a magazi pilo. Nthawi yomweyo, amauza Jordán, mwamuna wa Alicia, ndipo onse awiri apeza kuti pakati pa nthenga za pilo panali nyama yobisika yomwe idapangitsa kufa kwa Alicia: idayamwa magazi pamutu pake.

MITU YA POLISI YOCHITIKA

1. Kalata yobedwa. Wolemba Edgar Allan Poe, ntchitoyi idakhazikitsidwa ku Paris mzaka za m'ma 1800. Mtumiki adabera kalata kuchokera kwa munthu wodziwika kuti amusunge. Apolisi amadutsa millimeter ya nyumba yake ndi millimeter popanda mwayi ndipo amapita kukafuna Dupin yemwe, atachezera wakubayo, apeza pomwe kalatayo ili, ndikuisintha ndi yabodza, kuti ndunayi ikhulupirire kuti ikupitilizabe kukhala ndi mphamvu .

MITU YA POLISI YAKuda

1. Mthunzi usiku. Wolemba nkhani iyi ku United States m'ma 1920 ndi Dashiell Hammett. Kudzera mwa otchulidwa angapo, nkhaniyi imafotokozera zomwe zaka zija zidadziwika ndi Kuletsa, zigawenga komanso tsankho.

NKHANI ZOONA

1. Kalulu. Wolemba wake ndi Abelardo Castillo. Nkhani yayifupi iyi imatenga mawonekedwe a monologue ndipo protagonist wake ndi mnyamata yemwe amauza chidole chake, kalulu, kusungulumwa komwe amakumana nako m'dziko lachikulire, momwe amamuchitira ngati chinthu.
2. Malo ophera nyama. Idasindikizidwa patatha zaka 20 wolemba wake, Esteban Echeverría, atamwalira, mu 1871. Ku Buenos Aires motsogozedwa ndi Rosas, "El Restaurador", ntchitoyi imafotokoza zotsutsana zankhanza zomwe zidalipo pakati pa Unitarians ndi Federalists ndi momwe otsirizawo adadzilolera kukhala kutengeka ndi nkhanza.

NKHANI ZOOPSA

1. Mphaka wakuda. Idalembedwa ndi American Edgar Allan Poe ndipo idasindikizidwa koyamba mu nyuzipepala Loweruka Madzulo, mu Ogasiti 1843. Imafotokoza nkhani ya banja lomwe limakhala moyo wabwinobwino ndi mphaka wawo. Tsiku lina labwino, mwamunayo adayamba kumwa mowa mwauchidakwa ndipo, atakwiya, adapha chiweto. Chilichonse chimathamangira paka yatsopano ikawonekera ndipo imafika pachimake chowopsa.
2. Woyang'anira. Idalembedwa ndi Charles Dickens ndipo idasindikizidwa m'magazini yolemba Chaka chonse, mu 1866. Imafotokoza nkhani ya mzimu womwe umangowonekera pang ono panjanji za sitima ndipo nthawi zonse umatero ndi nkhani zowopsa. Nthawi iliyonse yomwe amawonekera, woyang'anira amadziwa kuti imfa ikubwera.

• Pitirizani ndi: Ma Novel