Zamkati
Amadziwika kuti Fanizo ku gulu laluntha ndi chikhalidwe lobadwira ku Europe mkatikati mwa zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chiwiri, makamaka ku France, Germany ndi England, ndipo komwe nthawi zina kudakhala mpaka zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi.
Dzina lake limachokera pakukhulupirira kwake chifukwa komanso kupita patsogolo monga zowunikira pamoyo wamunthu. Pachifukwa ichi, zaka za zana la 18, momwe munali maluwa ake enieni, amadziwika kuti "M'badwo wa Chidziwitso".
Maphunziro oyambira a Kuunikirako adati malingaliro amunthu amatha kuthana ndi mdima wosazindikira, zamatsenga ndi nkhanza, kuti apange dziko labwinopo. Mzimuwu udawonekera pandale zaku Europe, sayansi, zachuma, zaluso komanso chikhalidwe cha anthu panthawiyo, ndikupita pakati pa bourgeoisie ndi aristocracy.
Pulogalamu ya French RevolutionMwanjira imeneyi, izi zikuyimira chizindikiro chovuta kwambiri cha malingaliro atsopanowa, popeza atachotsa maufumu okhwimitsa zinthu nawonso adachita izi kuchokera m'bungwe lamipingo, momwe Chipembedzo ndi Tchalitchi zidasewera.
Malingaliro a Chidziwitso
Malingaliro amtunduwu atha kufupikitsidwa ngati:
- Chikhalidwe. Monga pakubadwanso, chidwi cha dziko lapansi chimangoyang'ana pa munthu osati pa Mulungu. Munthu amalingaliridwa, kulingalira ndi kulingaliridwa, monga wolinganiza tsogolo lake, lomwe limamasulira mdziko lapansi, momwe munthu amatha kuphunzira zofunikira kuti akhale bwino. Potero kunabadwa lingaliro la kupita patsogolo.
- Kulingalira. Chilichonse chimamveka kudzera mu fyuluta yamalingaliro amunthu komanso zokumana nazo zadziko lanzeru, kusiya zikhulupiriro, zikhulupiriro zachipembedzo komanso malingaliro am'maganizo kupita kumalo amdima komanso owopsa. Chipembedzo chodziwikiratu sichimawoneka bwino pamalingaliro osalingalira, osakanikirana kapena osakwanira.
- Kutsutsa. Kuunikiridwa kunayambanso kukonzanso ndikutanthauzira zakale, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti pakhale kusintha kwandale komanso zachikhalidwe, zomwe zingayambitse kulakalaka utopias andale. Poterepa, ntchito za Rousseau ndi Montesquieu ndizofunikira kwambiri pakupanga magulu azinthu zofananira komanso abale.
- Kudzikonda. Chikhalidwe china chogwiritsa ntchito chimaperekedwa pamalingaliro, momwe zomwe zimatsata ntchito yosintha anthu zimakhala ndi mwayi. Ichi ndichifukwa chake mitundu ina yolemba ngati bukuli imalowa m'mavuto ndi nkhani, kuphunzira mabuku ndi zolemba, nthabwala kapena ma encyclopedia.
- Kutengera. Kukhulupirira kulingalira ndi kusanthula nthawi zambiri kumatipangitsa kulingalira za chiyambi monga cholakwika (makamaka mu neoclassicism yaku France, yomwe ili yoletsa kwambiri) ndikuganiza kuti zaluso zitha kupezeka pokhapokha pochepetsa ndi kupanga njira zake zopangira. Panorama yokongoletsayi, kukoma kwabwino kumalamulira komanso koyipa, koyipa kapena kopanda ungwiro kumakanidwa.
- Lingaliro. Kutsogola kwina pamalingaliro amtunduwu kumakana zonyansa, monga pothawirako zamatsenga, kukhazikitsanso machitidwe ndi machitidwe osayenera. Pankhani za chilankhulo, mawu olankhulidwa amakhala ndi mwayi, kuyeretsa kumatsatiridwa ndipo pazinthu zaluso "zosasangalatsa" maphunziro monga kudzipha kapena milandu amakanidwa.
- Zachilengedwe. Potsutsana ndi zikhulupiliro zadziko ndi zachikhalidwe zomwe pambuyo pake zachikunja zidakweza, Kuunikaku kumadzitcha kuti ndiwanthu wamba ndipo kumakhala ndi chikhalidwe china. Mabuku oyenda amalandiridwa, ndipo zosowa ndizo gwero laumunthu ndi chilengedwe chonse. Chifukwa chake miyambo yachi Greek ndi Roma imakakamizidwanso, ndikuiona ngati "yachilengedwe kwambiri" mwa miyambo yomwe idalipo kale.
Kufunika Kowunikira
Kuunikiridwa kunali kayendetsedwe kotsimikizika m'mbiri yamalingaliro akumadzulo, kuyambira pamenepo anaswa ndi malamulo achikhalidwe omwe anakhazikitsidwa mkati mwa Middle Ages, potero amasamutsa chipembedzo, mafumu achikhalidwe ndi Chikhulupiriro pazifukwa zasayansi, demokalase ya bourgeois ndi kukonda zachipembedzo komanso kusakonda (mphamvu imadutsa m'malo aboma).
Mpaka pamenepo, maziko a dziko lamasiku ano ndikuwonekera kwamakono. Sayansi monga nkhani yolamulira padziko lapansi, komanso kudziunjikira kwa chidziwitso, zidakhala zofunikira, monga umboni wa mawonekedwe a Encyclopedia, kukula kwadzidzidzi pankhani ya fizikiki, optics ndi masamu, kapena mawonekedwe a Fine Arts of a Greco-Roman Neoclassicism.
Chodabwitsa ndichakuti, maziko awa adadzetsa mawonekedwe achikatolika achijeremani, omwe amatsutsana ndi malingaliro osatetezedwa a wolemba ndakatuloyo pamalingaliro amalingaliro monga mtengo wapamwamba kwambiri wamunthu komanso waluso.
Kachiwiri, Kuunikirako kudawona kuwonjezeka kwa ma bourgeoisie ngati gulu latsopanoli, lomwe liziwonjezeka mzaka zonse zikubwerazi, kupatsa akuluakulu apamwamba gawo lina.. Chifukwa cha izi, iyamba kulankhula za malamulo ndi ufulu waufulu, ndipo pambuyo pake Social Contract (m'mawu a Jean Jacques Rousseau), Utopian Socialism, ndi chuma chandale, zochokera m'manja mwa Adam Smith ndipo nkhani yake ituluka. Chuma cha Mitundu (1776).
Zojambula padziko lapansi zimakhala cholinga chofunikira, popeza dziko lamdima komanso lachinsinsi lazipembedzo zamakedzana limakhala lodziwika komanso lodziwika bwino. Kuphatikiza apo, zoyesayesa zoyambirira za ukhondo ndi chitukuko cha zamankhwala zimachitika chifukwa chakuwona ngati chilankhulo chofunikira pagulu.
