20 Zitsanzo za Ions - Encyclopedia

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Atomu kapena molekyulu ya chinthu ikalephera kusalowerera ndale zimachitika kulandira chipembedzo cha ion, ndondomeko yokhudzana ndi kupindula kapena kutayika kwa magetsi okwanira omwe amadziwika kuti atomiki apangidwe amatchedwa ionization. Chidziwitso chachikulu cha mapangidwe a ion chimadziwika ndi katswiri wazamankhwala waku England Humphrey davy (1778-1829) ndi wophunzira wake, Michel Faraday (1791-1867).

Pulogalamu ya ayoni Kutsutsidwa molakwika kumapangidwa ndi phindu la ma elekitironi ndipo amadziwika kuti anions (chifukwa amakopeka ndi anode), pomwe iwo omwe amadzinenera kuti ndiwotayika chifukwa cha kutayika kwa ma elekitironi, makamaka zipolopolo zakunja, amatchedwa cations (popeza awa, mosiyana ndi anion, amakopeka ndi cathode).

Mu fayilo ya anion, Elektroni iliyonse ya atomu, yomwe poyamba siilowerera ndale, imagwiridwa mwamphamvu ndi chiwongolero chabwino cha phata; Komabe, mosiyana ndi ma electron ena onse mu atomu, mu anions ma elekitironi owonjezera sagwirizana ndi nyukiliya ndi magulu ankhondo a Coulomb, amalumikizidwa ndi kugawanika kwa atomu yopanda ndale. Chifukwa cha kuwonjezera kwa ma elekitironi, anion amaposa ma atomu osalowerera ndale.

Kutentha kwapakati, ma ayoni ambiri azizindikiro zakumapazi amamangirirana mwamphamvu wina ndi mnzake motsata chizolowezi chokhazikika komanso cholamulidwa chomwe chimayambitsa kupangidwa kwa makhiristo, monga mchere wapatebulo womwe ndi sodium chloride. Mchere nthawi zambiri umakhala wosavuta. Akawonetsedwa atasungunuka, ayoni ndiye maziko azinthu zofunikira m'mafakitale monga electrolysis ndikupereka maziko azinthu zofunikira mdziko lamakono monga mabatire ndi ophatikizira. Ma ayoni osiyanasiyana amatenga nawo mbali mu michere ya enzymatic oxidation ndi njira zochepetsera, zomwe zimakhudza zochitika zambiri zamankhwala zomwe zimapezeka m'zinthu zamoyo.

Zinthu zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi malo abwino kwambiri kuti zitsimikizire bwino, ndiye kuti, kutaya ma elekitironi ndikupanga cations, ndi zitsulo ndipo ma halojeniZina zopanda mafuta nthawi zambiri zimapanga anions, ndipo mpweya wabwino monga helium kapena argon samapanga ayoni. Kukula kwa ma cation ndikocheperako kuposa ma atomu chifukwa cha kutayika kwama electron.

Mwambiri, ma ayoni amatha kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala mwanjira zambiri kuposa ma molekyulu osalowerera ndale ndipo amatha kukhala monatomic kapena polyatomic, zachilengedwe kapena organic.

Zitsanzo 20 za ayoni zalembedwa pansipa, kuphatikiza anions, cations, monatomic ndi pluriatomic ions.