Zipangizo Zopangira ndi Zosakhala Zopatsa

Zamkati

• Zitsulo zakuthupi
• Mitundu ya zinthu zopangira akakhala
• Zitsanzo za zinthu zopangira akakhala
• Zitsanzo za zinthu zopanda feri

Mukamayankhula za zipangizo zopangirakomanso osakhala achitsulo (kapena ferric), amatanthauza zachitsulo zokha, malinga ndi kupezeka kapena kusapezeka kwa chitsulo ngati chimodzi mwazinthu zake.

Kupatula chitsulo choyera (m'masamba ake osiyanasiyana), zitsulo zambiri zimapangidwa ndi alloys kapena zosakaniza zachitsulo ndi zinthu zina, ngati kaboni. Ngakhale zitsulo zopanda feri zimatha kukhala zoyambira (zopangidwa ndi umodzi atomiki element) kapena ma alloys ena opanda chitsulo.

Zitsulo zakuthupi

Zipangizo zachitsulo, mtundu wachinayi wofala kwambiri wazitsulo padziko lapansi, zimasiyanitsidwa ndi zinthu zopanda feri pophatikiza kukana, kulephera, kutentha kwakukulu ndi magetsi, komanso mwayi wowagwiritsanso ntchito kuchokera pazoyambira zawo ndikupanga zinthu zatsopano, koma koposa zonse chifukwa chakuchita bwino kwake ndi mphamvu yamaginito (ferromagnetism).

Tithokoze chifukwa chomalizirachi, zinthu zopitilira titha kusiyanitsa ndi zopanda fumbi m'matayala amatauni pogwiritsa ntchito maginito.

Izi ndichifukwa choti amafunidwa kwambiri pamakampani padziko lonse lapansi, omwe amakhala pakati pa 1 ndi 2% ya zinyalala zonse zapakhomo (makamaka zitini za chakudya), chifukwa cha mtengo wake wotsika kwambiri komanso kuthekera kwakukulu kwa zida zina kupeza malingaliro atsopano ndikusintha katundu wawo.

Mitundu ya zinthu zopangira akakhala

Zitsulo zonse zopangira zitsulo zimalowa m'modzi mwamitundu itatu iyi, kutengera zomwe zimapanga:

• Chitsulo choyera ndi chitsulo chofewa. Ndi kaconi wocheperako kapena, ngakhale ndizochepa, m'malo oyera.
• Zitsulo. Zipangizo zachitsulo ndi zina (makamaka kaboni ndi silicon), momwe zinthu zomalizirazi sizipitilira 2% yazomwe zilipo.
• Oyambitsa. Ndikupezeka kwa kaboni kapena zinthu zina muyeso woposa 2%.

Zitsanzo za zinthu zopangira akakhala

1. Chitsulo choyera. Nkhaniyi, imodzi mwazambiri padziko lapansi, ndi chitsulo siliva imvi yamaginito, kuuma kwakukulu komanso kachulukidwe. Imawerengedwa kuti ndi yoyera ikaphatikizidwa mu 99.5% ya ma atomu omwewo ndipo, komabe, siyothandiza, chifukwa wosalimba (Ndi yopepuka), malo ake osungunuka kwambiri (1500 ° C) komanso makutidwe ndi okosijeni othamanga bwino.
2. Chitsulo chokoma. Amatchedwanso chitsulo chosungunukaIli ndi kaboni yotsika kwambiri (sifikira 1%) ndipo ndi imodzi mwazitsulo zamalonda zoyera kwambiri zomwe zilipo. Imathandiza kuti kasakaniza wazitsulo ndi kulipira, pambuyo Kutentha kwa kutentha kwambiri ndi hammering izo wofiira otentha, monga chimazizira ndi kuumitsa mofulumira kwambiri.
3. Mpweya Zitsulo. Chodziwika kuti chitsulo chachitsulo, ndi imodzi mwazitsulo zazikulu zachitsulo zomwe zimapangidwa munyumba yazitsulo komanso imodzi mwazomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri padziko lapansi. Amapangidwa kuchokera kusakaniza ndi kaboni mosiyanasiyana: 0.25% muzitsulo zofewa, 0.35% mu theka-lokoma, 0.45% mu theka lolimba ndi 0.55% molimba.
4. Pakachitsulo Zitsulo. Amatchedwanso chitsulo chamagetsi, chitsulo cha maginito kapena chitsulo chosinthira, chomwe chikuwulula kale m'makampani omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, ndizopangidwa ndi aloyi wachitsulo wokhala ndi silicon wosiyanasiyana (kuyambira 0 mpaka 6.5%), komanso manganese ndi zotayidwa (0.5%). Ubwino wake waukulu ndikuti mphamvu yamagetsi imakanika kwambiri.
5. Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri. Aloyi chitsulo chotchuka kwambiri, anapatsidwa ake kukana mkulu dzimbiri ndi zochita za mpweya (makutidwe ndi okosijeni), zopangidwa kuchokera ku chromium (10 mpaka 12% yocheperako) ndi zitsulo zina monga molybdenum ndi faifi tambala.
6. Kanasonkhezereka chitsulo. Ili ndi dzina lomwe limaperekedwa ndi chitsulo chokutidwa ndi zinc, chomwe, pokhala chitsulo chocheperako kwambiri, chimachitchinjiriza kumlengalenga ndipo chimachedwetsa kutentha kwake. Izi ndizothandiza kwambiri popanga zida zamagetsi ndi zida zamagetsi.
7. Chitsulo cha Damasiko. Chiyambi cha mtundu uwu wa aloyi chikuganiza kuti chinali ku Middle East (mzinda waku Syria ku Damasiko) pakati pa zaka za zana la 11 ndi 17, pomwe malupanga opangidwa ndi zinthuzi adatchulidwapo ku Europe, chifukwa cha kuuma kwawo kwakukulu komanso "pafupifupi wosatha "m'mphepete. Tikutsutsanabe kuti njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti ipezeke panthawiyo inali yotani, ngakhale masiku ano yawerengedwanso za mipeni yambiri ndi ziwiya zodulira chitsulo.
8. Zitsulo "chithu". Chitsulo ichi mwachizolowezi chimapezeka posakaniza zotsalira zachitsulo (ores kapena chitsulo cha nkhumba) ndimakala amoto ochokera masamba ndi galasi, m'malo owotcha otentha kwambiri. Aloyi iyi imakhala ndi ma carbide ambiri omwe amapangitsa kuti izikhala yolimba komanso yopanda mawonekedwe.
9. Iron oyambitsa. Ili ndi dzina lomwe limaperekedwa kwa ma alloys okhala ndi mpweya wambiri (makamaka pakati pa 2.14 ndi 6.67%) pomwe chitsulo chimayikidwa, kuti apeze zinthu zazitali kwambiri komanso zopindika (chitsulo choyera) kapena chokhazikika komanso chosatheka (kuponyera chitsulo).
10. Chilolezo. Chitsulo cha maginito chachitsulo ndi faifi tambala mosiyanasiyana, chodziwika bwino ndi maginito operewera komanso kukana kwamagetsi, zomwe zimapangitsa kukhala koyenera kupanga masensa, mitu yamaginito ndi zida zina m'makampani.

Zitsanzo za zinthu zopanda feri

1. Mkuwa. Ndi chizindikiro cha mankhwala Cu, ndichimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zili patebulopo. Ndi chitsulo ductile komanso chopatsira chabwino magetsi ndi kutentha, ndichifukwa chake chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pama telefoni osati kwambiri pantchito zomwe zimafunikira kulimba.
2. Zotayidwa. Wotsogola wina wamagetsi ndi wamagetsi, zotayidwa ndi imodzi mwazitsulo zotchuka kwambiri masiku ano, chifukwa cha kuchepa kwake, kuchepa kwake ndi kutsika kwa okosijeni, komanso poizoni wotsika kwambiri, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yabwino kupanga zopangira zakudya.
3. Tin. Kawirikawiri amagwiritsira ntchito kuteteza chitsulo ku okosijeni, ndi chitsulo cholimba, chonyezimira chomwe, chokhotakhota, chimatulutsa crunch chomwe chimatchedwa "malata maliro". Imakhala yofewa komanso yosinthasintha kutentha, koma ikatenthedwa imakhala yopepuka komanso yopepuka.
4. Nthaka. Yogonjetsedwa kwambiri ndi dzimbiri komanso dzimbiri, ndichifukwa chake imagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira zinthu, chinthuchi ndi chopepuka komanso chotchipa, ndichifukwa chake chikufunika kwambiri masiku ano.
5. Mkuwa. Ndi aloyi wamkuwa ndi zinc (pakati pa 5 ndi 40%), yomwe imathandizira mphamvu yazitsulo zonse ziwiri osachotsa kupepuka kwawo komanso kuchepa kwake. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga zida zamagetsi, zida zamagetsi ndi zida zambiri.
6. Mkuwa. Ndi chitsulo chopangidwa ndi mkuwa ndi kuwonjezera kwa 10% malata, chitsulo ichi chimapezeka chomwe chimakhala cholimba kuposa mkuwa ndi ductile kwambiri, chomwe chachita gawo lofunikira kwambiri m'mbiri ya anthu, mpaka kupatsa dzina lake zaka zachitukuko. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazifanizo, zidutswa zowonjezera ndi makiyi, pakati pa ntchito zina masauzande ambiri.
7. Mankhwala enaake a. Zochuluka kwambiri pakatundu kake ndikusungunuka m'madzi am'nyanja, chitsulo ichi chimapanga ayoni ena ofunikira pamoyo wapadziko lapansi, ngakhale sichipezeka mwaulere m'chilengedwe, koma ngati gawo lazinthu zazikulu . Zimayankha ndi madzi ndipo zimatha kutentha kwambiri.
8. Titaniyamu. Chopepuka kuposa chitsulo, komanso cholimbana ndi dzimbiri komanso chouma chonchi, ndichitsulo chochuluka mwachilengedwe (sichikhala choyera) koma chokwera mtengo kwa munthu, sichigwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupipafupi popanga ma prostheses azachipatala.
9. Faifi tambala. Chida china chachitsulo, choyera-siliva ndi ductile, chosavuta, cholimba, chomwe chimagonjetsedwa ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni ndipo, ngakhale sichikhala chachitsulo, chimakhala ndi mphamvu yamaginito. Ndi gawo lofunikira mwa ambiri mankhwala organic zofunika.
10. Golide. Chimodzi mwazitsulo zamtengo wapatali, mwina chodziwika bwino komanso chosiririka kwambiri chifukwa chakuyamikira kwamalonda ndi zachuma. Mtundu wake ndi wachikaso chowala ndipo ndi ductile, yosavuta komanso yolemera yomwe imagwira ntchito ku cyanide, mercury, chlorine ndi bleach.

Itha kukutumikirani: Zitsanzo za Zipangizo Zosavuta