Zamkati
- Zosintha zomwe zilipo mwa wotsogolera
- Mitundu yolosera
- Zitsanzo za omasulira osavuta
- Zitsanzo za cholosera chamawu
- Zitsanzo za dzina la dzina losatanthauzira mawu
- Zitsanzo za dzina lomasulira dzina losasinthika
- Zitsanzo zamanenedwe osalankhula
- Zitsanzo za adverbial nonverbal predicate
- Zitsanzo zamatsenga osalankhula
Kapangidwe ka kalembedwe ka chiganizo nthawi zambiri kamakhala kamagawidwe pamutu. Wotsogolera ndiye kapangidwe ka chiganizo chomwe chimafotokoza zomwe mutuwo umachita ndipo, pofotokoza zomwe zikuchitika, ziyenera kukhala ndi mneni.
Mwachitsanzo:
- Juan anathamanga.
- Iwo anafika kaye.
- Maria ndi wokongola.
Mutu wa mawu omasulira nthawi zambiri amakhala mneni (kapena kupitilira apo) womwe umafotokoza zomwe zachitika. Lembali liyenera kufanana ndi chiwerengero cha mutuwo.
Ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri chiwembucho chimayikidwa pambuyo pa mutuwo, nthawi zina zimatsogolera. Mwachitsanzo: Juan anathamanga.
Chigamulochi chikakhala chamtendere, chiganizo chonse chimakhala chamtsogolo, popeza mutuwo umamveka koma osafotokozedwa. Mwachitsanzo: Tiyeni tisewere. ("Tiyeni tichite" ndi Simple Verbal Predicate / "We" ndiye Nkhani Yosayankhulidwa).
Zosintha zomwe zilipo mwa wotsogolera
Mneni wa chiganizochi ukhoza kukhala ndi zinthu zotsatirazi zomwe zimasintha kapena kukulitsa chidziwitso chake:
- Zozungulira. Amapereka chidziwitso pazochitikazo. Mwachitsanzo: Maria adawerenga mwachikondi.
- Chinthu cholunjika. Ndicho chinthu chomwe chimalandira zochita za verebu mwachindunji. Mwachitsanzo: Maria adawerenga mabuku atsopano. (Werengani iwo)
- Chinthu chosalunjika. Ndiye amene amalandila zomwe zimatseka mneni ndipo amayambitsidwa ndi "a" kapena "para”. Mwachitsanzo: Maria adawerenga mabuku atsopanowakwa ana.
- Wothandizira plugin. Ikupezeka m'mawu amawu osachita chidwi ndipo imayambitsidwa ndi mawu akuti "por". Mwachitsanzo: Mabukuwo adawerengedwa ndi Maria.
- Zowonjezera zowonjezera. Zimapezeka nthawi yomwe verebu limafuna kutchulidwa (kudalira, kudalira, kuumirira). Mwachitsanzo: Maria adakakamira powerenga mabukuwa.
- Kulosera. Pomwe maziko a munthu amatanthauzira mawu akuti 'ser', 'estar', 'kukhala', 'amafanana'), omwe ntchito yake ndiyolumikizana, payenera kukhala cholosera kapena chofunikira. Mwachitsanzo: Juana ndi wokongola.
Mitundu yolosera
Kulongosola mawu. Amapangidwa ndi mawu amodzi kapena angapo:
- Zosavuta. Lili ndi verebu limodzi lokha. Mwachitsanzo: U.S tinafika kaye.
- Chigawo. Ili ndi mawu opitilira umodzi omwe amafanana ndi mutu womwewo. Mwachitsanzo: U.S tinafika ndikukhala kaye.
Munthu wopanda mawu. Silikupereka zenizeni. Zitha kukhala:
- Mwadzina. Malinga ndi mtundu wa mawu omwe amapanga phata, limatha kukhala nauni (Ex.Kanema, Potulukira.), kapena dzina lomasulira (mwachitsanzo.Wokongola, m'mawa).
- Zotsatsa. Ali ndi malingaliro monga phata lawo. Mwachitsanzo: Kutuluka, apo.
- Cholinga. Mawu osinthira achotsedwa. Mwachitsanzo: ¿Mantha, ine? (Ndi mawu oti: Kuopa, ndikupepesa?
- Zolemba. Ali ndi mneni ngati phata lawo. Itha kukhala mitundu itatu: yopanda malire (Ex.Inu, kutsutsa ine?), kutenga nawo mbali (Eks.Okhalamo, anakwiya), ndi gerund (Eks.U.S., kugwira ntchito).
Onse omasulira komanso womvera sangapezeke mu chiganizo zikafika pamawu amodzi.
- Itha kukutumikirani: Mutu
Zitsanzo za omasulira osavuta
- Mwanayo anathamanga kuzungulira bwaloli.
- Ophunzira adaphunzira phunziro.
- George ndi loya.
- Munasowanso kalasi.
- Tipita kutchuthi ku Europe konse.
- Agogo aakazi anasiya tv usiku wonse.
- Moni kwa abale anu.
- Adatuluka mumsewu waukulu.
- Wolakwayo adamangidwa patadutsa maola angapo.
- Zogulitsa mipando yogwiritsidwa ntchito.
Zitsanzo za cholosera chamawu
- Daniel adayiwala sutukesi ku airport ndikuthamangira kukatengakuti.
- Tikudziwa za phunziroli ndipo ndife abwino kwambiri. (Mutu wamatsenga: ife)
- Usiku wonse timaphunzira ndikuchita. (Mutu wamatsenga: ife)
- Juana amadziwa zomwe akufuna ndipo amayesetsa kuti apeze.
- Mapaipi amasefukira ndi kuyamba kuphimba.
- Ana amasewera ndi kuthamanga tsiku lonse.
- Anapeza mankhwalawa ndipo adzawatsatira. (Nkhani yosayankhulidwa: iwo)
- Ndimakonda kuyimba ndipo ndimayeserera kwambiri kuti ndikwaniritse. (Nkhani yosayankhulidwa: ine)
- Aliyense amandifunsa ndikudikirira kuti ndiwauze omwe apambana pa mpikisano.
- Oyang'anirasanadziwikitse kapena kutumiza uthenga uliwonse kwa ogwira nawo ntchito.
Zitsanzo za dzina la dzina losatanthauzira mawu
- Nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale, chodabwitsa.
- Kulankhula, chidutswa cha pepala.
- Anthu, khamu lopanda cholinga.
- Kutentha, mantha.
- Wojambula watsopano, kupeza.
Zitsanzo za dzina lomasulira dzina losasinthika
- Wokongola, m'mawa.
- Manja ake, ofewa.
- Makolo athu, wonyada.
- Achinyamata, waluso.
- Omvera, wokhulupirika.
Zitsanzo zamanenedwe osalankhula
- U.S., nyumba yatsopano?
- Inu, kunyada?
- Nkhanza, kwa opambana.
- Daisies, ku nkhumba.
- Mantha, ine?
Zitsanzo za adverbial nonverbal predicate
- Momwemonso, kwanthawizonse.
- Pano, kumene timakhala.
- Anyamata, Mwamsanga!
- Mwachangu, zitseko zonse zinatsekedwa.
- Amphamvu, mphepo yamkuntho.
Zitsanzo zamatsenga osalankhula
- Anyamata, akusewera nthawi zonse. (Gerund)
- Usiku, kufotokoza pang'ono ndi pang'ono. (Gerund)
- Mwezi, kutulutsa. (Gerund)
- Chikhomo, kuwonetsa mathero. (Gerund)
- Wojambulayo, kulenga. (Gerund)
- Chizolowezi chanthawi zonse kuyenda ndi kuyenda. (Zosatha)
- Malangizo a dokotala, imwani madzi ambiri ndikupuma. (Zosatha)
- Kuthamanga m'mawa uliwonse, kutengeka kwake. (Zosatha)
- Nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale, kusamalidwa bwino nthawi zonse. (Kutenga nawo mbali)
- Zitseko, tsegulani kwambiri. (Kutenga nawo mbali)
Itha kukutumikirani: Mutu ndi cholosera
