Ma hydrocarbon

Zamkati

• Zitsanzo za ma hydrocarboni

Pulogalamu yama hydrocarbon Ndi mankhwala omwe amapangidwa kokha ndi ma hydrogen ndi maatomu a kaboni, omwe ndi maziko a zonse umagwirira organic. Kapangidwe ka ma atomiki atha kukhala ofanana kapena okhala ndi nthambi, otseguka kapena otsekedwa, ndipo kuwongolera kwawo ndi kuchuluka kwa zigawo zikulu zimadalira kuti ndi chinthu chimodzi kapena china.

Pulogalamu ya ma hydrocarbon Ndi zinthu zoyaka moto zomwe zimatha kusintha mafakitale, ndichifukwa chake zimapanga maziko azigawo zapadziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zimalola kuti pakhale zida zamagetsi, mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi, ndi kuyatsa, mwazinthu zina zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito. Zimapanganso poyizoni, chifukwa nthawi zambiri zimatulutsa nthunzi zomwe zimawononga thanzi.

Ma hydrocarboni amagawidwa malinga ndi njira ziwiri:

Malinga ndi kapangidwe kake, tili ndi:

• Acyclic kapena kutsegula maunyolo. Kenako anagawa liniya kapena nthambi.
• Zozungulira kapena maunyolo otsekedwa. Komanso anagawa monocyclic ndi polycyclic.

Malinga ndi mtundu wa mgwirizano pakati pa maatomu ake, tili ndi:

• Zamatsenga. Ali ndi mphete yonunkhira, ndiye kuti, yokhala ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira malinga ndi ulamuliro wa Hückel. Amachokera ku Benzene.
• Aliphatic. Alibe mphete zonunkhira (osachokera ku benzene) ndipo nawonso agawika: saturated (single atomic bond) ndi unsaturated (osachepera umodzi umodzi).

Zitsanzo za ma hydrocarboni

1. Mankhwala (CH₄). Gasi wokhala ndi fungo lonunkhira, loyaka moto kwambiri, likupezeka m'mlengalenga mwamapulaneti akulu kwambiri komanso ngati chopangidwa mwathu kuwonongeka kwa zakuthupi kapena chogulitsa cha zochitika mgodi.
2. Ethane (C.₂H₆). Gasi woyaka kwambiri wa omwe amapanga mpweya wachilengedwe komanso wokhoza kupanga chisanu polumikizana ndi ma organic organic.
3. Butane (C.₄H₁₀). Gasi wopanda utoto komanso wolimba, womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mafuta othira (madzi) potengera zoweta.
4. Pulogalamu (C₃H₈). Nawonso gaseous, Wopanda utoto komanso wopanda fungo, wokhala ndi zachiwawa komanso mankhwala osokoneza bongo akakhala pamalo okwera.
5. Chiyambi (C5H12). Ngakhale kukhala amodzi mwa ma hydrocarbon anayi oyamba alkanes, pentane imakhala madzi nthawi zambiri. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chosungunulira komanso ngati sing'anga yamagetsi, potetezedwa kwambiri komanso pamtengo wotsika.
6. Benzene (C.₆H₆). A madzi yopanda utoto wonunkhira bwino, yotentha kwambiri komanso yopatsirana khansa kwambiri, ndi imodzi mwazinthu zopangidwa kwambiri mafakitale masiku ano. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga rubbers, zotsukira, mankhwala ophera tizilombo, mankhwala, mapulasitiki, utomoni komanso kuyeretsa mafuta.
7. Hexane (C.₆H₁₄). Imodzi mwa ma alkanes ochepa oopsa, amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zosungunulira m'matumba ndi zomata zina, komanso kupeza mafuta a pomace. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwake, komabe, kuli ndi malire, chifukwa ndimankhwala osokoneza bongo.
8. Heptane (C.₇H₁₆). Zamadzimadzi atapanikizika komanso kutentha zachilengedwe, zimayaka kwambiri komanso zimaphulika. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale amafuta ngati zero ya octane, komanso ngati malo ogwira ntchito popanga mankhwala.
9. Octane (C.₈H₁₈). Ndilo gawo la 100th pamlingo wa mafuta octane, moyang'anizana ndi heptane, ndipo uli ndi mndandanda wautali wama isomers ogwiritsa ntchito mafakitale.
10. 1-Hexene (C₆H₁₂). Amagawidwa m'makampani ngati parafini wopambana ndi alpha-olefin, ndi madzi opanda utoto ofunikira pakupeza polyethylene ndi ma aldehydes ena.
11. Mankhwala a Ethylene (C.₂H₄). Chomera chogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, nthawi yomweyo a mahomoni achilengedwe wa zomera ndi kapangidwe ka mafakitale kofunikira popanga pulasitiki. Nthawi zambiri amapezeka kuchokera ku kusowa kwa madzi m'thupi kwa ethane.
12. Acetylene (C.₂H₂). Gasi wopanda utoto, wopepuka kuposa mpweya komanso woyaka moto kwambiri, umatulutsa lawi loti lifike mpaka 3000 ° C, kutentha kwakukulu kwambiri komwe munthu amatha kuthana nako. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gwero la kuyatsa ndi kutentha m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana ndi ntchito.
13. Trichlorethylene (C₂HCl₃). Madzi opanda utoto, osapsa, okhala ndi fungo lokoma ndi makomedwe, ali ndi khansa komanso poizoni, wokhoza kusokoneza kuzungulira kwa mtima, kupuma ndi chiwindi. Ndi chosungunulira champhamvu chamakampani chomwe sichipezeka m'chilengedwe.
14. Trinitrotoluene (C₇H₅N₃KAPENA₆). Wodziwika kuti TNT, ndi wachikasu wotumbululuka, wamakristalo, wophulika kwambiri. Sichikugwira ntchito ndi zitsulo kapena kuyamwa madzi, motero imakhala ndi moyo wautali ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati gawo la bomba lankhondo ndi zophulika.
15. Phenol (C.₆H₆KAPENA). Amadziwikanso kuti asidi carbolic kapena phenyl kapena phenylhydroxide, imakhala yolimba, yoyera komanso yoyera kapena yopanda utoto. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupeza ma resin, nayiloni komanso ngati tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kapena gawo limodzi lamankhwala osiyanasiyana.
16. Tar. Kuphatikiza kosakanikirana kwa mankhwala omwe mitundu yake imasiyanasiyana kutengera mtundu wa kapangidwe kake ndi kutentha kwake ndi zina, ndi madzi, bituminous, viscous ndi mdima, wokhala ndi fungo lamphamvu ndi ntchito zambiri, kuyambira kuchipatala cha psoriasis mpaka kukonzedwa pamsewu.
17. Amadziwikanso kuti petroleum ether, ndi kusakaniza yosavuta, yoyaka komanso yamadzi a ma hydrocarboni okhathamira, ochokera ku mafuta, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zosungunulira komanso ngati mafuta. Sitiyenera kusokonezedwa ndi benzene, ether, kapena mafuta.  
18. Palafini. Mafuta wamba, osakhala oyera kwambiri komanso opezeka ndi mafuta distillation zachilengedwe. Amapangidwa ndi ma hydrocarboni osakanikirana ndimadzi owoneka bwino komanso achikasu, osasungunuka m'madzi, ogwiritsidwa ntchito pakuunikira komanso kuyeretsa pamwamba, komanso mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso oyatsira magetsi.
19. Mafuta. Kupezeka kuchokera ku petroleum ndi distillation yachindunji kapena yaying'ono, kusakaniza kwa ma hydrocarboni mazana awa amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu injini zoyaka zamkati ngati mafuta oyera kwambiri, othandiza kwambiri komanso odziwika bwino, makamaka atachotsedwa kutsogolera koyambirira kwa 2000s.
20. Mafuta. Hydrocarbon yofunika kwambiri yomwe imadziwika ndi mafakitale, yomwe imatha kupanga mitundu yambiri yazinthu zosiyanasiyana, imapangidwa mobisa kuchokera kuzinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zimapezeka mumisampha ya geological ndipo zimakumana ndi zovuta kwambiri. Amachokera ku zinthu zakufa zakale, madzi akuda owoneka bwino, omwe nkhokwe zake zili Zosasinthika, koma ndizofunikira kwambiri pazogulitsa zamagalimoto, zamagetsi, zamankhwala ndi zida.

Itha kukutumikirani: Zitsanzo za Zowonjezeredwa ndi Zosagwiritsidwanso Ntchito