Zitsanzo za Mpweya Woyipitsa - Encyclopedia

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Zitsanzo za mpweya wakupha

Pulogalamu yampweya wakupha Ndi zinthu zosinthasintha, zachilengedwe, zolumikizana zochepa zama cell ndikukula kwakuthupi, komwe kulumikizana ndi thupi la munthu kumakwiyitsa, kuvulaza kapena kupha. Zambiri ndizochokera ku zimachitikira mankhwala zoyambirira, zaufulu kapena ayi, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimayaka, zowonjezera kapena kuwononga, kotero kuyendetsa kwake kumafuna chisamaliro chapadera.

Malinga ndi momwe zimakhudzira thupi komanso momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito, amatha kuwerengedwa ngati: kukanika, kukwiya, kusakanikirana, zoweta, zachilengedwe komanso zankhondo.

Onaninso: Zitsanzo za Zinthu Zowononga

Zitsanzo za mpweya wakupha

Mpweya wa monoxide (CO). Imodzi mwa mitundu yoopsa kwambiri ya makutidwe ndi okosijeni kaboni, ndi mpweya wopanda utoto wokhoza kupha munthu mukamakoka mpweya wambiri. Ndi gasi wamba m'mafakitale: ndi zotsatira za injini zoyaka ndikuwotcha kwa ma hydrocarbon ndi zinthu zina zachilengedwe.
Sulfa woipa (CHONCHO₂). Gasi yonyansa, yopanda mtundu, yokhala ndi fungo lapadera komanso sungunuka m'madzi, kukhala asidi: izi ndi zomwe zimachitika mu malo owonongeka ndipo amapanga mvula yamchere. Nthawi zambiri amatulutsidwa ngati chogwirira ntchito choyaka mafakitale, ngakhale kuti pokhudzana ndi dongosolo la kupuma zimayambitsa kukwiya koopsa ndi bronchitis.
Mpiru wa mpiru. Banja la mankhwala osokoneza bongo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zida zankhondo (koyamba mu 1915, mu Nkhondo Yadziko I). Itha kuchiritsidwa m'njira ziwiri zosiyanasiyana: mpiru wa nayitrogeni kapena mpiru wa sulufule. Kuyanjana nawo kumayambitsa matuza ndi zilonda pakhungu kapena nembanemba zam'mimba ndipo pamapeto pake kumabweretsa vuto la kupuma.
Tsabola wothira tsabola. Imadziwikanso kuti mpweya wokhetsa misozi, imatha kupanga kukwiya pang'ono komanso kowawa kwa mucosa wamaso ndi kupuma, komanso khungu kwakanthawi. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira yodzitetezera kapena kufalitsa ziwonetsero.
Lewisite. Mankhwala opangira poizoni adapangidwa ndi makampani azankhondo aku America munkhondo yoyamba ndi yachiwiri yapadziko lonse. Mukapuma, imayambitsa kutentha, kutsokomola, kusanza, mphuno yothamanga komanso edema ya m'mapapo.
Mpweya umenewo. Mpweyawu umapezeka mwachilengedwe mumlengalenga, kutiteteza ku ma radiation a dzuwa. Ndizosowa m'zochitika za tsiku ndi tsiku. Kuwonetseredwa kwa ozoni kumapangitsa kuyabwa m'mapweya komanso mayankho otupa am'mimba. M'madera ambiri amatha kuyambitsa cyanosis, kutopa kwambiri komanso impso kulephera.
Mankhwala (CH₄). Alkane hydrocarbon yosavuta yomwe ilipo ndi mpweya woyaka moto komanso wotsekemera, wopanda mtundu, wopanda fungo, wosungunuka m'madzi. M'malo okwera kwambiri imatha kutsamwa chifukwa chothamangitsa mpweya kuchokera m'chilengedwe.
Butane (C.₄H₁₀). Hydrocarbon ina yoyaka moto komanso yosavuta kuyimitsa, yomwe nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito kunyumba ndikuwonjezera zipsera zonunkhira, kuti izindikire kutuluka kwake, popeza ndiyopanda fungo. Ikhoza kutulutsa mpweya. Amapanga kuwodzera, kuyerekezera zinthu m'maganizo ndi kutayika kwa chidziwitso mukamakoka mpweya.
Mafungo amoto. Amadziwika ngati mpweya wosakanikirana, chifukwa amakhala ndi mitundu yambiri yamipweya yosasangalatsa komanso yotopetsa, kutengera mtundu wazinthu zomwe zidawotchedwa pamoto. Ndiye chifukwa chachikulu chakupha pamoto, chifukwa chakuthupi: kukanika, kukwiya kwambiri, necrosis, cyanosis, ndi zina zambiri.
Cyanide(CN-). Ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zowopsa kwambiri zomwe zimadziwika komanso zowopsa kwambiri posachedwa. Mu mawonekedwe ake amwazi, uli ndi fungo labwino (lofanana ndi ma chestnuts), omwe malire ake ozindikira ali pafupi kupha. Zotsatira zake zimalepheretsa kupuma kwama cell, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimayambitsa kumangidwa kwamtima.
Mankhwala otchedwa diatomic chlorine (Cl₂). Amadziwika kuti dichloro, ndi mpweya wachikasu wobiriwira, wokhala ndi fungo lamphamvu komanso losasangalatsa komanso wowopsa kwambiri. Inagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chida chankhondo mu World War I, chifukwa cha pneumotoxic zotsatira zake pakatikati. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mankhwala ndi zida zamagetsi, komanso m'madzi ena osungunulira zinthu m'nyumba.
Mavitamini a nayitrogeniIne(N.₂KAPENA). Imatchedwanso mpweya woseketsa, imakhala yopanda utoto, yonunkhira bwino, komanso ya poizoni pang'ono. Sitha kuyaka kapena kuphulika, ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira mankhwala ndi mankhwala oletsa ululu.
Mankhwala (COCl₂). Mpweya wakupha, womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso zopangira m'makampani apulasitiki, umakhala wopanda utoto kapena umakhala ngati mtambo woyera kapena wachikaso. Simapezeka mwachilengedwe kulikonse, sachedwa kuyaka, komanso imakhala ndi fungo losasangalatsa. Zimakwiyitsa kwambiri komanso zimalemetsa.
Amoniya (NH₃). Amatchedwanso mpweya wa ammonium, ulibe mtundu ndipo umakhala ndi fungo losasangalatsa komanso labwino. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana amunthu, ngakhale ali oopsa komanso owononga kwambiri. Thupi la munthu limatha kuzisintha kudzera mu Urea Cycle ndikuzitulutsa mumkodzo, koma poyankha ndi mankhwala ena ndizowopsa kwambiri komanso amatha kuwotcha.
Helium (H). Mpweya wa monatomic womwe umawonetsa zambiri za mafuta abwinoNdi yopanda utoto komanso yopanda fungo, yochuluka kwambiri chifukwa momwe nyenyezi zimapangidwira kuchokera ku hydrogen. Mukapumira, imasintha liwiro la kufalitsa kwamveka, komwe kumabweretsa mawu okwera komanso othamanga, koma kusunthika kwambiri kumatha kulowa m'malo mwa oxygen ndikupangitsa kutsamwa. Sili poizoni pa se.
Chigawo (Ar). Mmodzi mwa mipweya yabwino, yopanda utoto komanso yosalala, yosagwira ntchito bwino komanso yotenthetsera pang'ono, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamagetsi amagetsi. Ndiosavuta kupuma, yomwe kawopsedwe kake kamadalira kuchepa kwa mpweya m'chilengedwe, chifukwa chake kumafunikira kwambiri.
Formaldehyde (CH₂KAPENA). Gasi wopanda utoto wonunkhira kwambiri, womwe umapangidwa kuchokera ku formaldehyde, kuti zisunge mitundu yazachilengedwe. Ndi khansa yodziwika bwino komanso yosasangalatsa dongosolo la kupuma.
Zamadzimadzi (F). Mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi komanso yogwira ntchito kwambiri pazinthu zonse, ndi mpweya wachikasu wotumbululuka wokhala ndi fungo lonunkhira, womwe umatha kumangiriza zinc ndi ayodini umapangitsa kuti ukhale wowopsa kwambiri, wokhoza kusokoneza magwiridwe antchito aphunziro, kukumbukira, mahomoni, ndi mafupa .ndipo mphamvu zamthupi la munthu.
Acrolein(C₃H₄KAPENA). Ngakhale ndimadzimadzi mchibadwidwe chake, chimatha kuyaka ndipo chimaphwera msanga chikatenthedwa, ndikupanga mpweya womwe umakwiyitsa dongosolo la kupuma, zotsatira zake zowopsa zomwe sizinaphunzire bwino, koma zimawonetsa kuwonongeka kwamapapu pang'ono.
Mpweya woipa (CO₂). Zotsatira zachilengedwe za kupuma ndi zambiri njira zoyaka, imatha kubanika chifukwa chothamangitsa mamolekyulu a oksijeni, yolemera kuposa mpweya komanso yosachedwa kuyaka. Ndi wopanda fungo komanso wopanda mtundu.