Zamkati
Pulogalamu ya zamoyo (zamoyo), kutengera kuchuluka kwa maselo omwe amapanga, zitha kuganiziridwa chofanana (ngati ali ndi selo limodzi) kapena multicellular (kapena multicellular, zomwe zimapangidwa ndi maselo awiri kapena kupitilira apo).
Pulogalamu ya maselo amawerengedwa kuti ndi gawo lochepa la moyo. Ndiwo magulu onse awiri mokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe ndi magwiridwe antchito. Ndi ma morphological mayunitsi chifukwa azunguliridwa ndi envelopu, yotchedwa cell kapena cytoplasmic membrane.
Kuphatikiza apo, maselo ndi magwiridwe antchito chifukwa amapanga zovuta zamagetsi. Mwakutero, amatha kudyetsa ndikukhalitsa kagayidwe kake, kuti akule ndikuchulukirachulukira pazomwe zimapezeka munthawiyo, kusiyanitsa (kukhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyana ndi am'maselo ena), ndikusintha.
Makhalidwe onse am'magulu amagawidwa ndi zamoyo zamagulu angapo komanso zamitundu yambiri (yotchedwanso multicellular).
Onaninso: Zitsanzo za ma Cellular Organelles (ndi ntchito yake)
Kubalana kwama cell
Pulogalamu ya tizilombo tosiyanasiyana amayamba koyamba kuchokera ku selo limodzi. Ngakhale anthu panthawi yakutenga pakati amakhala khungu. Komabe, selo limenelo nthawi yomweyo limayamba kuchulukana. Maselo amatha kuberekana kudzera m'njira ziwiri:
- Mitosis: Amapezeka m'maselo osakanikirana. Selo limagawika kamodzi kokha (maselo awiri amatuluka mchipinda). Mlongo ma chromatids amapatukana ndipo palibe crossover yomwe imachitika, kotero kuti ana aakazi awiriwa ali ndi chidziwitso chofanana. Ndikugawana kwakanthawi kochepa komwe kumalimbikitsa kukula ndi kukonzanso kwa maselo ndi minyewa.
- Meiosis: Amapangidwa m'maselo am'magazi okhaokha (maselo ogonana). Selo limagawika kawiri. Pachigawo choyamba, ma chromosomes ophatikizika amasiyana m'chigawo chachiwiri, ma chromatids amalekanitsidwa kenako pamakhala crossover pakati pa ma chromosomes a homologous. Ndicho chifukwa chake ana aakazi anayi ali osiyana ndi chibadwa. Cholinga chake ndikupitilira kwa mitunduyo komanso kusiyanasiyana kwa majini.
Kuchokera pamwambapa titha kunena kuti tizilombo tosiyanasiyana Amalandira ma cell awo onse (kupatula omwe amagonana) kuchokera ku selo limodzi loyambirira chifukwa cha mitosis.
Muzinthu zamagulu angapo, si maselo onse ofanana, koma amasiyanitsa kuti akwaniritse ntchito zosiyanasiyana: mwachitsanzo, pali maselo amitsempha, ma epithelial cell, minofu yaminye, ndi zina zambiri. Pulogalamu ya maselo apadera amapangidwa kuti apange nsalu zomwe zimatchedwa nsalu pangani ziwalo.
Maselo a Prokaryotic ndi Eukaryotic
Kuphatikiza pakusiyanitsa, pali mitundu iwiri yayikulu yamaselo yomwe imasiyanitsa mitundu iwiri yazamoyo:
Maselo a Prokaryotic: Kukula kwawo ndi kochepera ma microns awiri, ndipo ngakhale ali ndi khungu, alibe khungu la nyukiliya (lomwe limalekanitsa phata ndi cytoplasm). DNA ilipo ngati molekyu imodzi yozungulira, yokhala ndi ochepa mapuloteni yogwirizanitsidwa ndi mabungwe ofooka. DNA imapanga chromosome imodzi. Ma organelles ake okha a cytoplasmic ndi ma ribosomes ang'onoang'ono. Alibe mafupa amkati. Maselo a Prokaryotic amapanga PROCARIONTE ORGANISMS (mabakiteriya ndi cyanobacteria). Nthawi zambiri zimakhala zachilengedwe, kupatula myxobacteria.
Maselo a eukaryotic: Kukula kwake kumakhala kopitilira ma microns awiri, kuphatikiza pa nembanemba yama cell ili ndi nembanemba ya nyukiliya. DNA imapanga mamolekyu ofanana ndi mapuloteni omwe amagwirizanitsidwa kudzera muzolimba. DNA imapanga ma chromosomes angapo osiyana. Selo limaphatikizaponso ma cytoplasmic organelles, mafupa amkati, ndi zipinda zamkati. Maselo a eukaryotic amapanga ma EUCHARIAN ORGANISMS (monga nyama, zomera ndi anthu) zomwe ndi zolengedwa za PLURICELLULAR.
Onaninso: Zitsanzo za Zamoyo Zamitundu Yambiri
Itha kukutumikirani: Ziwalo Za Thupi Laumunthu
Zitsanzo zazinthu zamagulu angapo
- Munthu wokhalapo: Mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamaselo imapanga kuchuluka kwa minyewa yomwe imapangitsanso kuzungulira kwa magazi, mantha, mafupa, ndi zina zambiri.
- Nkhanu: Monga ma crustaceans ena, gawo lina lamaselo ake limasiyanitsidwa kuti apange chowonekera, chomwe chimakwirira ndikuteteza nyama.
- Dolphin: Nyama zam'madzi. Monga nyama zonse, zimapangidwa ndimitundu ingapo yama cell a nyama ya eukaryotic.
- Tirigu: Mbewu za udzu. Amapangidwa ndimitundu yosiyanasiyana yama cell a eukaryotic.
- Kumeza: Mbalame yosuntha, ya banja la hirundínidos, ya dongosolo la odutsa.
- Udzu: Monga zomera zina zokha zokha, tsinde lake limaphatikizapo maselo osakanikirana omwe amalola kutalika kwake atadulidwa.
- Nkhuku: Mbalame ya banja la Phasianidae. Monga mbalame zina, imakutidwa ndi nthenga zopangidwa ndi ma cell apadera a epidermis otchedwa keratinocytes.
- Salimoni: Zonse nsomba zam'madzi ndi zamadzi. Mofanana ndi nsomba zambiri (mafupa kapena mafupa) khungu lake limakhala ndi masikelo, maselo apadera osiyana ndi mamba a zokwawa.
- Chule cha Temporaria: Amphibian banja la Ranidae, lomwe limakhala ku Europe ndi kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Asia.
- Buluu wobiriwira: Mitundu ya abuluzi (reptile) ya banja la Teiidae. Ili mu ecozone yomwe imayang'ana Chaco ya Argentina, Bolivia ndi Paraguayan.
Zachidziwikire, kuwonjezera pa zomwe zatchulidwazi, zitsanzo zambirimbiri zitha kulembedwa, chifukwa nyama zonse zomwe zilipo ndizinthu zamagulu angapo. Ngati mukufuna zitsanzo zambiri, mutha kuchezera gawo la Zitsanzo za Nyama Zowonongeka, kapena Nyama zopanda mafupa.
- Itha kukutumikirani: Kodi Zamoyo Zachilendo ndi Zotani?
