Mafuta

Zamkati

• Mitundu yamafuta
• Makhalidwe a mafuta
• Zitsanzo za utsi

Amatchedwa mafuta pazinthu zonse zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni ziwawa zomwe zimatulutsa mphamvu zambiri zotentha (zotopetsa), nthawi zambiri zimatulutsa carbon dioxide (CO₂) ndi mankhwala ena monga zinyalala. Khalidweli limadziwika kuti kuyaka ndipo limayankha fomuyi:

fuel + oxidizer = mankhwala + mphamvu

• Pulogalamu ya mafuta ndiye,zinthu zoyaka, zomwe kuthekera kwawo kwa caloric kumakhala kofalakugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi munthu kutentha nyumba zanu, kuphika chakudya chanu, komanso kupanga magetsi (monga magetsi) kapena kuyenda (monga ma injini oyaka mkati).
• Pulogalamu yazowonjezeraKomano, ndi zinthu kapena njira zomwe zingalimbikitsire kuyatsa kumeneku. Amakhala othandizira kwambiri.

Mitundu yamafuta

Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mafuta ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zowasankhira, koma mwazonse zomwe zili zofunika kwambiri ndikuwunika momwe amathandizira, monga:

• Mafuta amchere. Zili pafupi zitsulo ndi zinthu zomwe zimapezeka m'chilengedwe ndipo zimatha kuyaka munthawi zachilengedwe kapenanso m'malo ena, monga zazitsulo zina zomwe zimatulutsa lawi popanda mpweya.
• Mafuta akale. Zimaphatikizapo unyolo wautali wa ma hydrocarbon ya organic, yomwe, poyesedwa ndi zovuta zachilengedwe ndi matope amakhala zinthu zamphamvu kwambiri zamafuta, monga mafuta kapena malasha.
• Mafuta osakanikirana. Izi ndizinthu zachilengedwe kapena zopangira ma radioactive, kutulutsa komwe kungagwiritsidwe ntchito kupangira kuyanjana kwa ma atomiki ndi kuthekera kwakukulu koopsa, monga komwe kumachitika mu bomba la atomiki.
• Zamoyo. Izi ndi zinthu zoyaka zomwe zimapezeka pakupanga ndi kupesa kwa anaerobic kwa zinyalala zachilengedwe, kuti apange mowa kapena ma ether amtundu wa caloric koma mtengo wotsika kwambiri wopanga.
• Mafuta achilengedwe. Zili pafupi mafuta, mafuta ndi zinthu zina zamoyo zomwe chikhalidwe chawo chimalola kuyatsa pazinthu zina komanso zomwe timakonda kugwiritsa ntchito kukhitchini.

Makhalidwe a mafuta

Mafuta ali ndi mitundu ingapo yamankhwala omwe amawonetsera mawonekedwe ake komanso momwe amaphunzirira, monga:

• Kutentha mphamvu. Kutentha kwa mphamvu yamafuta, ndiye kuti, kutentha kwake panthawi yoyaka.
• Poyatsira kutentha. Kutentha ndi kupanikizika kofunikira kuti kuyaka kapena lawi kumachitike, osafunikira kuwonjezera kutentha kwina kuti kupitilize.
• Kuchulukitsitsa ndi kukhuthala. Makhalidwe azinthu zoyaka moto zomwe zimafotokozera zamadzimadzi ndi zake kachulukidwendiko kuti, kulemera kwathunthu kwa chinthucho kutengera kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwake komanso kuchuluka kwa kulumikizana kwake pakati pa tinthu tina kapena kuyimitsidwa kwa zolimba mmenemo.
• Chinyezi. Imatanthauzira kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe amapezeka mu mafuta.

Zitsanzo za utsi

1. Malasha. Malasha ndi imodzi mwamafuta a kaboni mwachilengedwe, komanso graphite ndi diamondi: magulu a maatomu za mchitidwewu, koma zidakonzedwa mwanjira yosiyana kwambiri, kotero kuti ena amakhala olimba kuposa ena ndipo amakhala ndi matupi osiyanasiyana komanso mankhwala. Pankhani ya malasha amchere, ndi thanthwe loyaka moto lakuda kwambiri, chifukwa cha zowonjezera zake za hydrogen, sulufule ndi zinthu zina.
2. Wood. Yopangidwa ndi mapadi ndi lignin, yotulutsidwa ndi thunthu la mitengo, nkhuni zimakula chaka ndi chaka pamakina ozungulira. Chakhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chamafuta wamauvuni, malo amoto ndi zina zambiri kuyambira nthawi zamakedzana, chifukwa chimayaka mosavuta ndikupanga zotentha (zophikira pa grill). Izi zimayambitsanso moto wamnkhalango wokhoza kuwononga matabwa akuluakulu ndipo zakuthupi youma.
3. Palafini. Amadziwikanso kuti canfin kapena kerex, ndimadzimadzi osakanikirana ndi ma hydrocarbon, oyaka moto komanso opezeka ndi mafuta osungunuka, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyambira mbaula ndi nyali ndipo masiku ano amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mafuta a jet (Jet Petrol) komanso popanga mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
4. Mafuta. Chogulitsidwacho chopangidwa ndi mafuta, mafuta osakanikiranawa amapezeka ndi distillation fractional (FCC) ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyatsa ma injini oyaka amkati padziko lonse lapansi. Ili ndi mphamvu zambiri potengera kuchuluka kwake ndipo imagawidwa malinga ndi nambala ya octane kapena octane. Kuyaka kwake, komabe, kumatulutsa mipweya yambiri ndipo zinthu zowopsa kumlengalenga.
5. Mowa. Dzinali limadziwika ndi zinthu zopangidwa ndi gulu la hydroxyl (-OH) lomwe limalumikizidwa ndi atomu yodzaza ndi mpweya. Ndizofala kwambiri m'chilengedwe ndipo zimapangidwa chifukwa cha nayonso mphamvu shuga wamtundu. Mankhwala awo amawapangitsa kukhala osungunuka bwino, mafuta ndipo, makamaka ethanol, gawo limodzi la mizimu yambiri.
6. Gasi wachilengedwe. Gasi lachilengedwe ndi a mafuta Chochokera chophatikizira chopepuka cha ma hydrocarboni amagesi omwe amapezeka m'madamu obisika kapena poyenda ndi malasha kapena mafuta mwachilengedwe. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zida zoyaka moto, kutentha kwamatauni ndi magetsi.
7. Masamba mafuta. Izi zimapangidwa kuchokera ku mbewu, zipatso ndi zimayambira za zomera zomwe zimapangidwa m'matumba ake, monga mpendadzuwa, maolivi kapena chimanga. Amapangidwa, monga mafuta ambiri amchere, amafuta atatu amadzimadzi olumikizidwa ndi molekyulu ya glycerin, ndichifukwa chake amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya - chophikira-, kupanga sopo ndi zinthu zina, komanso ngati biofuel wamagalimoto osakanizidwa kapena osinthidwa.
8. Benzene. Hydrocarbon yonunkhira ya mankhwala a C₆H₆, omwe maatomu ake a kaboni amakhala m'mbali mwa hexagon yokhazikika, ndimadzimadzi opanda utoto komanso owotcha kwambiri, wokhala ndi khansa komanso wonunkhira bwino. Mwina ndi mankhwala opangidwa kwambiri padziko lapansi, chifukwa ndikofunikira kupanga ma hydrocarboni ena ndipo mankhwala mankhwalaKuphatikiza pa kukhala gawo lofunikira lamafuta ambiri amamagalimoto ndi zosungunulira.
9. Mankhwala enaake a. Chemical element yokhala ndi chizindikiro Mg, wachisanu ndi chiwiri wochulukirapo padziko lapansi ndipo wachitatu mwa omwe asungunuka m'madzi am'nyanja. Ndi ion yofunikira pamitundu yonse ya moyo, ngakhale chitsulo ichi sichikhala choyera. Amayaka kwambiri, makamaka ngati tchipisi kapena fumbi, ndikupanga kuwala koyera kwambiri komwe nthawi zambiri kunkagwiritsidwa ntchito masiku oyamba kujambula. Komabe, ikangoyatsidwa kumakhala kovuta kuzimitsa, chifukwa imagwiranso ntchito ndi nayitrogeni ndi CO.₂ za mlengalenga.
10. Sungani. Gasi lopanda utoto, lopanda fungo lokhala ndi mankhwala a C₃H₈, yomwe kuyaka kwake kwakukulu komanso kuphulika kumapangitsa kuti ikhale yabwino, limodzi ndi mpweya wa butane (C₄H₁₀), Kupangira ma uvuni amagetsi, masitovu ndi malo ena apanyumba, chifukwa kutentha sikumakhala kotetezedwa motero kumakhala kotetezeka. Zonsezi zimapezeka pamagawo osiyanasiyana a kuyenga mafuta ndipo palimodzi zimapanga mpweya wambiri woyaka moto womwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito masiku ano (mafuta amadzimadzi) muma cylinders ndi ma carafes.