Zamkati
Pulogalamu ya zotengera zomvera Ndi mbali ya dongosolo lamanjenje, chifukwa ndi mathero omwe ali m'ziwalo zam'mimba.
Pulogalamu ya ziwalo zomverera ndiwo khungu, mphuno, lirime, maso ndi makutu.
Zokopa zomwe amalandila amalandila zimafalikira kudzera mumanjenje kupita ku ubongo. Zokopa izi zimatha kuyambitsa machitidwe aufulu kapena mosachita kufuna. Mwachitsanzo, kutengeka kwa kuzizira komwe kumazindikirika pakhungu pakhungu kumatha kuyambitsa chidwi chodziphatika komanso kuchitapo kanthu mwadzidzidzi ndikunjenjemera.
Pamene dongosolo lamanjenje limalandira chilimbikitso kuchokera kuzomvera zam'mimba, limapereka dongosolo ku minofu ndi glands, zomwe zimagwira ntchito ngati zoyambitsa, ndiye kuti, zomwe zimawonetsa mayankho achilengedwe.
Yankho pazokopa zitha kukhala zamagalimoto (zomwe zimayambitsa ndi minofu) kapena mahomoni (choyambitsa ndi gland).
Mapulogalamu olandirira ali ndi mawonekedwe ena:
- Amanena mwachindunji: Cholandirira chilichonse chimaganizira mtundu wina wazomwe zimalimbikitsa. Mwachitsanzo, okhawo olandila lilime amatha kumva kukoma.
- Amasintha: Chokopa chikapitilira, mantha amachepa.
- Chisangalalo: Ndi kuthekera kochitapo kanthu pazokopa, zomwe zimakhudza gawo linalake laubongo komanso momwe zimachitikira.
- Amayankha pakulemba: Kukula kwamphamvu kwa zomwe zimalimbikitsa, chidwi champhamvu chimatumizidwa.
Malinga ndi zoyambitsa zomwe adakonzeka kulandira, zolandilira zamagulu zimagawika kukhala:
- Zowonjezera zakunja: Ndiwo magulu amitsempha yama cell omwe amatha kulandira zoyambitsa kuchokera kunja kwa thupi.
- Internoceptors: Awa ndi omwe amawona kusintha kwakunja kwa thupi, monga kutentha kwa thupi, kapangidwe ndi acidity wamagazi, kuthamanga kwa magazi, komanso kuchuluka kwa kaboni dayokisaidi ndi mpweya.
- Ovomerezeka: Ndiwo omwe amazindikira kusintha kwa malo, mwachitsanzo, posuntha mutu kapena malekezero.
Makina opanga ma mechanoreceptors:
Khungu
Anzanu, kutentha ndi ozizira zolandilira pakhungu. Amapanga zomwe timakonda kutcha "kukhudza."
- Mitundu ya Ruffini: Ndi zotumphukira zamagetsi, zomwe zimatentha.
- Matenda a Krause: Ndiwo zotumphukira zamagetsi zomwe zimazizira kuzizira.
- Mitengo ya Vater-Pacini: Omwe amawona kukakamira pakhungu.
- Ma diski a Merkel amamvanso kukakamizidwa.
- Popeza mwa kukhudza timazindikiranso kupweteka, ma nociceptors amapezeka pakhungu, ndiye kuti, zopereka zopweteka. Makamaka, ndi ma mechanoreceptors, omwe amazindikira kudula khungu.
- Mitembo ya Meiisner imatsata kukangana pang'ono, ngati caress.
Lilime
Nayi tanthauzo la kukoma.
- Lawani masamba: Ndi chemoreceptors. Pali malekezero pafupifupi 10,000 omwe amagawidwa pamwamba pa lilime. Mtundu uliwonse wa chemoreceptor umadziwika ndi mtundu umodzi wa kukoma: wokoma, wamchere, wowawasa, komanso owawa. Mitundu yonse yama chemoreceptor imagawidwa palilime lonse, koma mtundu uliwonse umakhazikika m'dera linalake. Mwachitsanzo, ma chemoreceptor okoma amapezeka kumapeto kwa lilime, pomwe omwe amasinthidwa kuti azindikira kuwawa ali kumapeto kwa lilime.
Mphuno
Nayi mphamvu ya kununkhiza.
- Babu wowonjezera ndi nthambi zake zamitsempha: Nthambi zamitsempha zimakhala kumapeto kwa mphuno (kumtunda) ndipo zimalandira chidwi kuchokera kumphuno ndi pakamwa. Chifukwa chake zina mwazomwe timaganiza ngati kukoma zimachokera ku zonunkhira. Nthambizi zimakhala ndimaselo othamangitsa omwe amatulutsa zikhumbo zomwe babu yolumikizira, yomwe imalumikizana ndi minyewa yolumikizira, yomwe imatumizanso izi ku cerebral cortex. Maselo otumphukira amachokera pachikopa chachikaso, mucosa wopezeka kumtunda kwa mphuno. Maselowa amatha kuzindikira zonunkhira zisanu ndi ziwiri zoyambirira: camphor, musky, zamaluwa, timbewu tonunkhira, tinthu tating'onoting'ono, tosokosera komanso kuwola. Komabe, pali mitundu masauzande osakanikirana pakati pa zonunkhira zisanu ndi ziwirizi.
Maso
Nayi mphamvu yakuwona.
- Maso: Amapangidwa ndi iris (gawo lakuda la diso), mwana (gawo lakuda la diso) ndi sclera (gawo loyera la diso). Maso amatetezedwa ndi zivindikiro zakumtunda ndi kumunsi. Mwa iwo, ma eyelashes amawateteza ku fumbi. Misozi ndi njira yodzitetezera popeza amayeretsa nthawi zonse.
Komanso chigaza chikuyimira chitetezo chokhwima, chifukwa maso ake amakhala m'mabowo am'maso, ozunguliridwa ndi fupa. Diso lililonse limayenda chifukwa cha minofu inayi. Diso lake lili mkati mwa diso, mkati mwa makoma amkati. Diso ndilo cholandirira chomwe chimatembenuza zowoneka kukhala zikhumbo zamitsempha.
Komabe, magwiridwe antchito oyenera a maso nawonso amatengera kupindika kwa diso, ndiye kuti mbali yakutsogolo ndi yowonekera bwino ya diso yomwe imaphimba iris ndi mwana. Kupindika kocheperako kapena kocheperako kumapangitsa kuti chithunzicho chisafike ku diso motero sichingathe kumasuliridwa molondola ndi ubongo.
Kumva
M'thupi lino muli onse olandila omwe amamva, komanso oyenera.
- Cochlea: Ndi cholandirira chomwe chimapezeka khutu lamkati ndipo chimalandira kunjenjemera kwa mawu ndikuchiyendetsa ngati mawonekedwe amitsempha kudzera mumitsempha yamakutu, yomwe imawatengera kuubongo. Asanafike khutu lamkati, mawu amalowa kudzera khutu lakunja (pinna kapena atrium) kenako ndikudutsa khutu lapakati, lomwe limamvekera phokoso kudzera mu eardrum. Izi zimafalikira kumakutu amkati (komwe kuli cochlea) kudzera m'mafupa ang'onoang'ono otchedwa nyundo, anvil, ndi stapes.
- Ngalande za semicircular: Zimapezekanso khutu lamkati. Awa ndi machubu atatu omwe amakhala ndi endolymph, madzi omwe amayamba kuzungulira mutu ukatembenuka, chifukwa cha otoliths, omwe ndi timibulu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayenda.
