Zamkati
A zojambula ndi chithunzi chophiphiritsa chomwe chimafotokoza malingaliro ndi maubale. Ma graph owerengera amatenga zidziwitso kapena zowerengera ndikuwonetsa ubale womwe ma datawa ali nawo wina ndi mnzake. Pali mitundu yambiri yazithunzi kutengera mtundu wazidziwitso zomwe mukufuna kutsitsa, mwachitsanzo: ma chart, ma chart a pie, ma chart ofalikira.
Zithunzi ndi chida chofunikira kwambiri pakufufuza. Amasunga chidziwitso chambiri pamalo ochepa, zomwe zimathandizira kuwerengera ndikukhala ndi chidziwitso mwachangu komanso chosavuta. Amatha kufalitsa zakuwongolera, kuchuluka kwa anthu, zasayansi, zamatekinoloje. Mwachitsanzo: Zotsatira za zisankho zamaboma kapena zigawo, kugulitsa kampani, kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu, ubale wapakati pa kuthamanga ndi kufulumizitsa.
Mitundu ya tchati
Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma graph, kusankha mtundu wa graph yomwe mungagwiritse ntchito kumadalira mtundu wa zomwe zilipo (zoyenerera kapena zochulukirapo) komanso kuchuluka kwa chidziwitso.
- Cartesian graph. Ndilo tchati choyambira. Amatchedwa Cartesian polemekeza René Descartes, wafilosofi waku France komanso wamasamu. Ma graph awa amafotokoza zosintha palokha pa X axis (abscissa) yokhala ndi mitundu yodalira pa Y axis (ordinate) pamakina azitsulo zopingasa zomwe zimadutsana pomwe zimayambira. Mwachitsanzo: bar, line, kapena tchati.
- Zojambula pamitundu yazithunzi. Ndi zithunzi zomwe zimachitika m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo: tchati cha pie kapena pie, tchati cha bubble, kapena matchati a kangaude.
- Mafilimu. Ndi zithunzi zowerengera zomwe zimafotokoza zambiri pamapu.
Ma chart ena ndi ovuta kwambiri, kuphatikiza, mwachitsanzo, makina awiri a Y-axis, zolakwika, maimidwe atatu, chidziwitso chazambiri.
Zitsanzo za graph
- Mzere wa mzere
Mzere wa graph umagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwonetsa momwe kusintha kumasinthira pakapita nthawi. Mumtundu wamtunduwu, mfundo zimalumikizidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mizere yolunjika yomwe, pakati pa onse, imatha kuwonetsa kusintha kwakanthawi kochepa kwamachitidwe achinthu china chokhudzana ndi chosinthika china. Mwachitsanzo, itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuwonetsa momwe kutentha kwapakati pamzinda kwasinthira pazaka zisanu zapitazi.
Kuti apange mzere wazithunzi papepala, nkhwangwa ziwiri ziyenera kujambulidwa ndikuzitchula ndi kusintha komwe kumayimira. Mwachitsanzo: X: miyezi ya chaka; Y: kutentha. Kenako lembani mulingo ndi mulingo wazosintha zilizonse. Chongani mfundo iliyonse ndi mfundo ndi kulumikiza mfundozo ndi mzere.
- Chojambula cha bar
Muzitsulo zamatabwa kapena zam'mbali, mtengo uliwonse pa X axis umafanana ndi mtengo womwe ulipo pa Y axis womwe umatsimikizira kutalika kwa mzati. Ndizofunikira kwambiri poyerekeza kukula. Mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kwa anthu okhala mumzinda kumatha kuyimiridwa malinga ndi zaka.
Kuti apange mzere wa mzere, nkhwangwa ziwiri ziyenera kujambulidwa ndikuzitchula ndi kusintha komwe kumayimira. Mwachitsanzo: X: zaka zakubadwa; Y: kuchuluka kwa okhalamo. Kenako lembani mulingo ndi mulingo wazosintha zonse ndikukoka mipiringidzo yolumikizana ndi zidziwitsozo kuchokera kuzosintha zonse ziwiri.
- Tchati
Imatchedwanso tchati cha pie, imawonetsa kugawa kwa okwanira m'malo osiyanasiyana. Ndi chida chofunikira pamilandu yomwe mtheradi umadziwika, ndipo chofunikira ndikudziwa njira yomwe idagawika m'magawo angapo. Mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kwa mavoti omwe chipani chilichonse chomwe adapeza pachisankho chitha kuyimilidwa.
Kuti mupange tchati cha pie muyenera kujambula bwalo ndi kampasi. Jambulani utali wozungulira bwalo ndipo ndi purotokota kuwerengera zotsatirazi. Sanjani mtundu uliwonse wa keke ndi utoto.
- Chiwaza chobalalika
Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokha pokha ngati atalamulidwa awiriawiri, ndi cholinga chodziwa mtundu wa ubale womwe umakhazikitsidwa pakati pa zosintha. Maubwenzi onse omwe amawoneka pakati pa kusiyanasiyana kwa mbali imodzi ndi enawo amaimiridwa ndi mfundo, ndipo amafanizidwa ndi kachitidwe kena. Apa, poyerekeza ndimachitidwe ofanana. Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito, mwachitsanzo, pakuwongolera mtundu wina wazinthu.
- Tchati chokhazikika
Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mukufuna kufotokozera nthawi yomweyo zolemba zamakalata (yerekezerani kukula kwake) ndi ma chart a pie (onetsani kugawa kwa okwanira). Nthawi yomweyo zinthu ziwirizi zachitika, kuwonetsa kugawa mu tanthawuzo m'malo mozungulira.
Zithunzi zamtunduwu zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito, mwachitsanzo, kujambula pamlungu, pamwezi kapena pachaka pogulitsa chinthu china.
- Kusintha kwa graph
Mtundu uwu wa graph umagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwonetsa kukula komanso kusintha komwe adakhalako, ndikuwonekera kwawo pakusintha. Kutalika kwa mzere ndikomwe kumafotokoza kusinthaku.
Gulu losinthasintha limagwiritsidwa ntchito, kwakukulu, pakusintha kwa graph pamsika wachuma.
- Chithunzi cha kangaude
Amakhala wamba pofufuza zotsatira, pomwe kusiyanasiyana kulikonse kumakhala kokwanira. Chiwerengero cha zojambulajambula chimapangidwa ndimatundu ochulukirapo popeza pali zosiyanasiyananso zoti zifanane ndi mfundo zamakhalidwe odziwika zimalumikizidwa.
Zithunzi zamtunduwu zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito, mwachitsanzo, pojambula kuchuluka kwa zomwe zatumizidwa kumayiko ena mchaka cha 2011 ndi 2012 ku France, Brazil, United States, China, Japan ndi Germany.
- Tchati chazithunzi chophatikizika
Mu tchati chophatikizira, tchati chimodzi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kufotokoza zingapo nthawi yomweyo. Pamtengo uliwonse wa "x" pali zofunikira zingapo za "y". Ziyenera kuchitidwa mwadongosolo ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana, ndipo ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti pano chiwonkhetso sichimadziwika bwino powonjezera magawo, zomwe zimachitika ndi malo okhala ndi zokhoma.
Zithunzi zamtunduwu zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kujambula, mwachitsanzo pankhaniyi, kuchuluka kwa azimayi ndi abambo ogawika malinga ndi msinkhu wawo m'gawo linalake. Chithunzichi chimatithandiza kuyeza mitundu iwiri nthawi imodzi (abambo ndi amai).
- Tchati cha piramidi
Tchati cha piramidi chimalola kuwonetsa nthawi imodzi kuchuluka kwa zosintha zina mwa akazi ndi abambo (mwachitsanzo, zaka). Pamene mukukwera, mafupipafupi amachepetsa ndipo graph imawoneka ngati piramidi.
Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupipafupi kutaya zotsatira zowerengera anthu.
- Pafupipafupi polygon
Zimakupatsani mwayi wofotokozera zochitika zapadziko lonse polowa nawo pakatikati pa mafupipafupi a nthawi iliyonse pa bar graph (class class).
Zimapangidwa kuchokera pafupipafupi histogram (mizere yowongoka). Amapezeka kwambiri mu sayansi yamunthu komanso chikhalidwe cha anthu kuposa sayansi yachilengedwe komanso yeniyeni.
- Mafilimu
Ndi zithunzi zomwe zimapangidwa pamapu. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazizindikiro kapena zolozera zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zomwe zimawonetsa zotsatira mozungulira chochitika kapena chochitika china.
Mwachitsanzo: kuvota pazisankho za purezidenti m'chigawo kapena chigawo.
- Pitirizani ndi: Vector ndi scalar kuchuluka
