Zamkati
- Miyala yamiyala
- Zitsanzo za miyala yamiyala
- Miyala ya sedimentary
- Zitsanzo za miyala ya sedimentary
- Miyala ya Metamorphic
- Zitsanzo za miyala ya metamorphic
Pulogalamu ya miyala ndi mgwirizano wa m'modzi kapena angapo mchere. Zimapangidwa ndi njira za geological. Miyala imasinthidwa mokhazikika ndimachitidwe amitundumitundu, monga madzi kapena mphepo, komanso zamoyo.
Pulogalamu ya miyala Amagawidwa malinga ndi katundu wawo:
Miyala yamiyala
Pulogalamu ya miyala igneous ndi zotsatira za kukhazikika wa magma. Magma ndi mchere wosungunuka, ndiye kuti, umakhala ndimadzimadzi ena. Magma imakhala ndimchere komanso mpweya wosakhazikika komanso wosungunuka.
Miyala yamagneous imatha kukhala yovuta kapena yotsogola:
- Pulogalamu ya miyala yolowera, zomwe zimatchedwanso plutonics, ndizochuluka kwambiri ndipo zimapanga mbali zakuya kwambiri zapadziko lapansi.
- Pulogalamu ya miyala yotuluka, yotchedwanso kuti chiphala chamoto, imapangidwa chifukwa cha kuzizira kwa chiphalaphala padziko lapansi.
Zitsanzo za miyala yamiyala
- Miyalayo (plutonic): imvi kapena utoto wofiyira. Yopangidwa ndi quartz, potaziyamu feldspar ndi mica.
- Zolemba (plutonic): mtundu wofiira wakuda. Yopangidwa ndi feldspar ndi quartz.
- Gabbro (plutonic): wowoneka bwino. Amapangidwa ndi calcium plagioclase, pyroxene, olivine, hornblende, ndi hypersthene.
- Chisenite (plutonic): imasiyanitsidwa ndi granite chifukwa ilibe quartz. Muli feldspar, oligoclases, albite, ndi mchere wina.
- Greenstone (plutonic): wapakatikati kapangidwe: magawo awiri mwa atatu a plagioclase ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu amchere amdima.
- Peridotite (plutonic): mdima wandiweyani komanso kusalimba kwambiri. Zapangidwa pafupifupi kwathunthu ndi pyroxene.
- Zamgululi (plutonic): wopangidwa ndi khwatsi, plagioclase, hornblende, ndi biotite.
- Basalt (volcano): mdima wonyezimira, wopangidwa ndi magnesium ndi ma silicates achitsulo, kuphatikiza pa zinthu zochepa za silika.
- Andesite (chiphalaphala): chakuda kapena chapakati imvi mtundu. Opangidwa ndi plagioclase ndi mchere wa ferromagnesic.
- Rhyolite (volcanic) yamitundu yofiirira, imvi kapena yofiira. Wopangidwa ndi quartz ndi potaziyamu feldspar.
- Wachinyamata (chiphalaphala): chambiri chitsulo, chimapangidwa ndi plagioclase feldspar.
- Trachyte (volcanic): wopangidwa ndi potaziyamu feldspar ndi plagioclase, biotite, pyroxene ndi hornblende.
Miyala ya sedimentary
Pulogalamu ya miyala sedimentary Amapangidwa kuchokera pakusintha ndikuwononga miyala ina yomwe idalipo kale. Mwanjira imeneyi, zotsalira zimapangidwa zomwe zimatha kukhala pamalo omwe zimachokera kapena zomwe zimanyamulidwa ndi madzi, mphepo, ayezi kapena mafunde am'nyanja.
Miyala ya sedimentary imapangidwa ndi diagenesis (compaction, cementing) ya matope. Zidutswa zosiyanasiyana zimapanga ma strata, ndiye kuti, zigawo zopangidwa ndi gawo.
Zitsanzo za miyala ya sedimentary
- Kusiyana: thanthwe la sedimentary, lopangidwa ndi zidutswa zamiyala zamakona zokulirapo kuposa mamilimita awiri. Zidutswazi zimalumikizidwa ndi simenti yachilengedwe.
- Sandstone: Thanthwe la sedrital sedimentary, lamitundu yosiyana, lokhala ndi zokomera kukula kwa mchenga.
- Shale: thanthwe la sedimentary yovuta. Wopangidwa ndi zinyalala zowumbika, mu tinthu tating'ono kukula kwa dongo ndi silt.
- Loam: wopangidwa ndi calcite ndi dongo. Nthawi zambiri imakhala yoyera.
- Mwala wamiyala: wopangidwa makamaka ndi calcium carbonate. Zitha kukhala zoyera, zakuda kapena zofiirira.
Miyala ya Metamorphic
Pulogalamu ya Miyala ya Metamorphic ndi omwe amapangidwa ndi kusinthika kwa thanthwe lam'mbuyomu lomwe lidayikidwa mwamphamvu mosiyana kwambiri ndi mapangidwe ake (mwachitsanzo, kuzizira kwambiri kapena kotentha, kapena pakusintha kwakukulu).
Metamorphism imatha kupita patsogolo kapena kusinthanso. Kupita patsogolo kosinthika kumachitika thanthwe limakhala ndi kutentha kapena kuthamanga kwambiri, koma osasungunuka.
Kupondereza kusintha kwa zinthu kumachitika thanthwe lomwe linasintha mwakuya kwambiri (komwe kuli kupsinjika kwakukulu ndi kutentha) ndipo poyandikira pamwamba limakhala losakhazikika ndikusintha.
Zitsanzo za miyala ya metamorphic
- Marble: miyala ya compact metamorphic yomwe idasinthika kuchokera pamiyala yamiyala yomwe imakhala yotentha kwambiri komanso kuthamanga. Chigawo chake chachikulu ndi calcium carbonate.
- Gneiss: wopangidwa ndi quartz, feldspar ndi mica. Kapangidwe kake ndi kofanana ndi granite koma imapanga zigawo zosiyanasiyananso za mchere wakuda ndi wakuda.
- Khwatsi: hard metamorphic rattan yokhala ndi quartz yayikulu.
- Amphibolite: miyala yakale kwambiri yomwe yapezeka.
- Granulites: wopangidwa ndi kutentha kwambiri. Mtundu woyera, wokhala ndi zokutira m'mbali. Amapezeka m'mphepete mwa nyanja.
