Zikondwerero za Mayan

Zamkati

• Mbiri ya chitukuko cha Mayan
• Malo akuluakulu azikondwerero za Mayan

Pulogalamu ya maya anali chitukuko cha ku Mesoamerica chisanachitike ku Spain chomwe chidakhalako kuyambira zaka 2000 Khristu asanabadwe mpaka 1697, omwe amakhala kudera lakumwera chakumadzulo kwa Mexico ndi kumpoto kwa Central America: Yucatan Peninsula yonse, Guatemala ndi Belize, komanso gawo la Honduras ndi El Salvador.

Kupezeka kwake pakati pazikhalidwe zaku America zaku America kudawonekera chifukwa cha machitidwe ake ovuta komanso azikhalidwe zapamwamba, zomwe zimaphatikizapo njira zolembera za glyphic (njira yokhayo yolembera bwino, kuphatikiza onse ku pre-Columbian America), zaluso ndi zomangamanga, zamasamu (anali oyamba kugwiritsa ntchito zero kwathunthu) komanso kukhulupirira nyenyezi.

Mizinda yayikulu yaku Mayan idawonetsa kuthekera kofunikira pakupanga ngakhale idakula popanda kapangidwe kake, mozungulira malo azikondwerero omwe anali olamulira awo. Amalumikizidwa ndi maukonde amalonda, omwe kwa zaka mazana ambiri adabweretsa magulu andale otsutsana omwe adayambitsanso nkhondo zambiri.

Ulamuliro wachifumu komanso wamakolo unkachitika pachikhalidwe chawo, komanso kupereka anthu nsembe, kuumitsa mitembo, komanso masewera ampira. Anali ndi kalendala yawo, yomwe idasungidwa mpaka pano. Ndipo ngakhale anali okonda kujambula mbiri yawo ndikulemba miyambo yawo, miyambo yawo yambiri yatayika mosayembekezereka chifukwa cha nkhanza zomwe Spain idagonjetsa.

Ngakhale zili choncho, zilankhulo zamakono za Mayan ndi mitundu yawo yaukadaulo zikadali m'malo ambiri a Gatemala ndi Chiapas, Mexico.

Mbiri ya chitukuko cha Mayan

Mbiri ya Amaya imaphunziridwa kutengera nthawi zinayi zazikulu, izi:

• Nthawi ya Preclassic (2000 BC-250 AD). Nthawi yoyambayi imachitika kuyambira kumapeto kwa nthawi yakale, pomwe ma Mayan adakhazikitsa ndikulima, ndikupangitsa kuti chitukuko chitukuke. Nthawi imeneyi imagawidwanso m'magawo ang'onoang'ono: Early Preclassic (2000-1000 BC), Middle Preclassic (1000-350 BC) ndi Late Preclassic (350 BC-250 AD), ngakhale kulondola kwa nthawi izi kuli kukayika. akatswiri ambiri.
• Nthawi yayitali (250 AD-950 AD). Nthawi ya maluwa a chikhalidwe cha Mayan, momwe mizinda yayikuru ya Mayan idachita bwino komanso chikhalidwe champhamvu zaluso ndikuwonetsedwa. Panali kugawanika kwandale kuzungulira mizinda ya Tikal ndi Calakmul, zomwe pamapeto pake zidabweretsa kugwa kwandale ndikusiya mizinda, komanso kutha kwa mafumu ambiri ndikulimbikitsa anthu kumpoto. Nthawi imeneyi imagawidwanso m'magawo ang'onoang'ono: Early Classic (250-550 AD), Late Classic (550-830 AD) ndi Terminal Classic (830-950 AD).
• Nthawi ya Postclassic (950-1539 AD). Kugawidwa posandulika koyambirira kwa postclassic (950-1200 AD) komanso kumapeto kwa postclassic (1200-1539 AD), nthawi imeneyi imadziwika ndikugwa kwa mizinda yayikulu yaku Mayan komanso kuchepa kwachipembedzo chawo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zatsopano madera akumizinda pafupi ndi gombe ndi magwero amadzi, kuwononga mapiri. Mizinda yatsopanoyi idakonzedwa mozungulira khonsolo yocheperako, ngakhale kuti panthawi yolumikizana koyamba ndi aku Spain mu 1511, anali zigawo zomwe zinali ndi chikhalidwe chofananira koma machitidwe andale.
• Nthawi yolumikizana ndi kupambana kwa Spain (1511-1697 AD). Nthawi yamkangano pakati pa omwe akuukira ku Europe ndi zikhalidwe za Mayan idafalikira munkhondo zambiri ndikugonjetsa mizinda yachitukuko ichi, chofooketsedwa ndimikangano yamkati ndikusamuka kwawo m'mizinda. Aaztec ndi ufumu wa Quiché atagwa, a Mayan adagonjetsedwa ndikuwonongedwa ndi omwe adagonjetsa, osasiya konse chikhalidwe chawo ndi miyambo yawo. Mzinda womaliza wa Mayan, Nojpetén, udagonjetsedwa ndi a Martín de Urzúa mu 1697.

Malo akuluakulu azikondwerero za Mayan

1. Tikal. Imodzi mwa malo akuluakulu komanso otukuka kwambiri amtundu wa Mayan, omwe lero ndi malo ofukulidwa m'mabwinja a akatswiri azikhalidwe ndi cholowa cha anthu kuyambira 1979. Dzina lake la Mayan likadakhala Yux Mutul ndipo likadakhala likulu la umodzi mwa maufumu amphamvu kwambiri a Mayan, mosiyana ndi mafumu omwe likulu lawo linali Calakmul. Ndiwo mzinda wophunzitsidwa bwino komanso womveka bwino kwambiri wa Mayan padziko lapansi.
2. Copan. Ili kumadzulo kwa Honduras mu dipatimenti ya dzina lomweli, makilomita ochepa kuchokera kumalire ndi Guatemala, malo achitetezo a Mayan anali likulu la ufumu wamphamvu munthawi ya Classic Mayan. Dzina lake la Mayan linali Oxwitik ndipo kugwa kwake kudakonzedwa pakugwa kwa King Uaxaclajuun Ub'ahh K'awiil pamaso pa King of Quiriguá. Gawo lina la malo ofukulidwa m'mabwinja lidawonongedwa ndi Mtsinje wa Copán, ndichifukwa chake mu 1980 madzi adasinthidwa kuti ateteze malowa, adalengeza kuti World Heritage Site chaka chomwecho ndi UNESCO.
3. Palenque. Wotchedwa mchilankhulo cha Mayan 'Baak', unali m'malo omwe pano ndi boma la Chiapas, Mexico, pafupi ndi Mtsinje wa Usumancita. Unali mzinda wa Mayan wapakatikati, koma wodziwika chifukwa cha luso komanso luso la zomangamanga, zomwe zikadalipo mpaka pano. Akuyerekeza kuti ndi 2% yokha yamalo amzindawu omwe amadziwika, ndikuti enawo aphimbidwa ndi nkhalango. Adalengezedwa kuti ndi World Heritage Site mu 1987 ndipo lero ndi malo ofunikira ofukula mabwinja.
4. Izamal. Dzina lake la Mayan, Zovuta, amatanthauza "mame ochokera kumwamba", ndipo lero ndi mzinda waku Mexico momwe miyambo itatu yam'derali imakumana: pre-Colombian, Mexico komanso amakono. Ichi ndichifukwa chake amadziwika kuti "Mzinda wazikhalidwe zitatuzi". Ili pamtunda wa makilomita 60 kuchokera ku Chichen-itzá, m'malo mwake muli mapiramidi a 5 Mayan.
5. Dzibilchaltún. Dzinali la Mayan limatanthauzira "malo pomwe mwala unalembedwera" ndipo limatanthawuza malo akale achikhalidwe cha Mayan, lero malo ofukula zakale, omwe amakhala ku National Park pafupi ndi mzinda wa Mexico wa Mérida. Xlacah cenote ili kumeneko, yofunikira kwambiri mderalo ndipo yomwe idapereka ma Mayan mpaka 40 mita yakuya kwamadzi; komanso Kachisi wa Zidole Zisanu ndi ziwiri, momwe mafano asanu ndi awiri achi Mayan ndi zida zambiri za nthawiyo zidapezeka.
6. Sayil. Ili ku State of Yucatán, Mexico, likulu lakale la anthu olima ulimi aku Mayan lidakhazikitsidwa pafupifupi 800 AD, kumapeto kwa Classic sub sub. Zotsalira za Sayil Palace zimatsalira, komanso Pyramid of Chaac II ndi 3.5 km ina ina yamabwinja.
7. Ek Balam. Komanso yomwe ili ku Yucatán, Mexico, dzina lake limatanthauza "jaguar wakuda" mu Mayan komanso kuyambira pomwe lidayamba ku 300 BC. ikhala likulu lolemera kwambiri mdera lokhala ndi anthu ambiri, omwe dzina lawo la Mayan linali 'Talol', koma idakhazikitsidwa malinga ndi malemba a Éek'Báalam kapena Coch CalBalam. Ili ndi nyumba 45 kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, kuphatikiza acropolis, nyumba yozungulira, bwalo la mpira, mapiramidi awiri amapasa, ndi chipilala pachipata.
8. Kabah. Kuchokera ku "dzanja lolimba" la Mayan, Kabah anali malo ofunikira mwamwambo omwe dzina lake limatchulidwa m'mabuku a Mayan. Amadziwikanso kuti Kabahuacan kapena "Royal Serpent m'manja." Ndi dera la 1.2 km²Malo ofukulidwa m'mabwinja ku Yucatan, Mexico, adasiyidwa ndi ma Mayan (kapena osachitiranso zikondwerero mkati mwake) zaka mazana angapo asadagonjetse Spain. Njira yoyenda pansi ya 18 km kutalika ndi 5 mita mulifupi yolumikizana ndi tsambalo ndi mzinda wa Uxmal.
9. Zosasangalatsa. Mzinda wa Mayan wazaka zamakedzana ndipo lero ndi amodzi mwamalo atatu ofukulidwa m'mabwinja achikhalidwe ichi, pamodzi ndi Tikal ndi Chichen-itzá. Ili ku Yucatán, Mexico, ili ndi nyumba za ma Puuc, komanso zomangamanga zambiri za Mayan ndi zaluso zachipembedzo, monga masks a mulungu Chaac (wamvula) ndi umboni wachikhalidwe cha Nahua, monga mafano a Quetzalcoátl. Kuphatikiza apo, pali Pyramid of the Magician, yokhala ndi magawo asanu, ndi Governor's Palace yomwe malo ake opitilira 1200m².
10. Chichen-Itza. Dzinalo mu Mayan limatanthauzira kuti "pakamwa pachitsime" ndipo ndi amodzi mwamalo ofukula zakale azikhalidwe zaku Mayan, ku Yucatan, Mexico. Pali zitsanzo za zomangamanga zokongola ndi akachisi akulu, monga Kukulcán, woimira Mayan wa Quetzalcoátl, mulungu wa Toltec. Izi zikuwonetsa kuti mumakhala anthu osiyanasiyana mibadwo yonse, ngakhale nyumba zake zimachokera kumapeto kwa nthawi ya Classic Maya. Mu 1988 adalengezedwa kuti ndi cholowa chachikhalidwe cha anthu ndipo mu 2007 kachisi wa Kukulcán adalowa mu New Seven Wonders of the Modern World.