Kuphedwa Kwakale

Zamkati

• Kutanthauzira kovomerezeka ndi kuchuluka kwalamulo
• Mayiko achiwawa
• Zitsanzo zakuphana
• Makhalidwe a kuphedwa

Ndi dzina la kupha anthu Amadziwika ndi zochita zomwe zimatanthauza kuwonongedwa kokhazikika kwa gulu, lomwe limachitika chifukwa cha funso la fuko, ndale, chipembedzo kapena gulu lililonse la anthu.

Kuphedwa kuli milandu yapadziko lonse lapansi yomwe imadziwika kuti ndi milandu yokhudza anthu, ndipo kupha anthu kofunikira kwambiri m'zaka za zana la 20 (kuphedwa kwa Nazi) kunatha, kunalamulidwa ndi Convention for the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, mu 1948.

Kutanthauzira kovomerezeka ndi kuchuluka kwalamulo

Zina mwazomwe zaperekedwa pamsonkhanowu zinali zakukhazikitsidwa pamalingaliro amalingaliro opha anthu: kuphedwa kwa mamembala a gulu lomwe likufotokozedwalo kumafika kumapeto kwake komanso kuvulazidwa kwakukulu pakukhulupirika kwawo kwakuthupi kapena kwamaganizidwe, komanso kugonjera malamulo kapena malangizo omwe amaloza ku chiwonongeko chathunthu kapena pang'ono.

Nthawi yomwe mlandu umadziwika kuti kuphana, omwe ali ndiudindo amatha kuweruzidwa mdera lawo loyenerera komanso m'makhothi aboma lililonse, kapena malinga ndi International Criminal Court. Popeza ndi mlandu wolakwira anthu, amavomerezana m'lamulo kuti ndi mlandu wosapereka.

Mayiko achiwawa

Kuyambira kale, makamaka m'zaka za zana la makumi awiri (zomwe zimatchedwa 'zaka zana zakupha anthu' chifukwa cha kuchuluka komwe kunalipo) zinali zodziwika kuti izi zimachitika ndi mayiko omwewo.

Zinakhala kawirikawiri kuti oyang'anira andale mdziko lapansi ali ndi cholinga chofuna kufafaniza anthu ena, yomwe imalongosola chimodzi mwazifungulo zakupha anthu: chifukwa cha kuwonongeka komwe kumabweretsa, ndikofunikira kuti ikhale ndi kapangidwe kumbuyo komwe kadzakhala, kotsimikizika kocheperako komanso kokwanira, kothandizidwa ndi boma mokha.

Chifukwa chake kufunikira kwakuti kupha anthu atha kukhala ndi mbali zoweruza kunja kwa Boma lenilenilo, chifukwa atha kukhalanso pantchito yopha anthu ambiri.

Nkhani zingapo zakupha anthu m'mbiri ya anthu zidzalembedwa pansipa, malinga ndi tanthauzo lenileni la mawuwa.

Zitsanzo zakuphana

1. Kupha Anthu ku Armenia: Kuthamangitsidwa kwawo ndikuwonongedwa kwa anthu pafupifupi 2 miliyoni, ndi boma la Turkey mu Ottoman Empire pakati pa 1915 ndi 1923.
2. Chiwawa ku Ukraine: Njala yoyambitsidwa ndi boma la Stalinist lomwe lidachitika kudera la Ukraine pakati pa 1932 ndi 1933.
3. Nazi Nazi: Muyeso wodziwika kuti 'yankho lomaliza', kuyesa kufafaniza kwathunthu Ayuda achi Europe omwe adapha miyoyo 6 miliyoni pakati pa 1933 ndi 1945.
4. Kupha anthu ku Rwanda: Kupha anthu aku Hutu motsutsana ndi Atutsi, ndikupha anthu pafupifupi 1 miliyoni.
5. Kuphedwa kwa Cambodia: Kuphedwa kwa anthu pafupifupi 2 miliyoni pakati pa 1975 ndi 1979 ndi boma la chikominisi.

Makhalidwe a kuphedwa

Akatswiri ambiri a maphunziro azachikhalidwe cha anthu adazindikira zakupha anthu ambiri m'zaka zapitazi, ndipo adayamba kupeza mfundo zodziwika bwino zomwe anali nazo. Chimodzi mwazinthuzi ndikuti aliyense, nthawi ina, amathandizidwa ndi gawo lofunikira mderalo momwe zimachitikira, akudziwa kuti zimachitika motere:

1. Choyambirira chomwe chimachitika ndikuti Boma likupempha a Kupitilira malire kwa gulu lomwe lakhudzidwa. Kugawikana komanso kugawanika kwa anthu kumatha kulimbikitsidwa.
2. Gululo limadziwika ndikuimiridwa, kupangitsa kukhala pagulu la anthu kunja kwa iye chidani chachikulu ndi kunyoza.
3. Amayamba kutenga njira zochititsa manyazi gululo, ngakhale sizikunena za nkhanza zakuthupi. Kuphiphiritsira kumasintha gawolo kukhala mdani.
4. Asitikali ankhondo akhala othandizira mawuwoKapena magulu azankhondo amapangidwa.
5. Gawo lotsatira ndi kukonzekera kuchitapo kanthu, momwe nthawi zambiri mumakhala bungwe lokhala ndi mindandanda kapena ngakhale mayendedwe, m'malo omwe amatchedwa 'ghettos' kapena 'ndende zozunzirako anthu'.
6. Kuwonongedwa kumachitika panthawiyo, moyenera pamaso pa anthu ofunikira.

Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti pali zochitika zingapo, zambiri zomwe zimatchedwa 'kupha anthu' kapena zochita zandale zomwe zidasiya anthu ambiri, koma zomwe sizimvera tanthauzo la kupha anthu: zambiri mwazo nkhondo kapena nkhondo, funso lomwe siligwirizana ndi kuphedwa chifukwa ndi nkhondo osati kufunafuna kuthetseratu gulu.