Zamkati
Mawu kusintha amachokera ku chikhalidwe cha anthropological, makamaka a Fernando Ortiz Fernández, omwe pofufuza zikhalidwe zaku Cuba zikhalidwe adawona funso loti zikhalidwe zamagulu, osakhazikika, pang'onopang'ono zimalandira ndikutsatira mitundu ina yazikhalidwe.
Pulogalamu ya kusintha kwamachitidwe Itha kukhala yadzidzidzi pang'ono, koma nkhani yake yayikulu ndi funso loti chikhalidwe chimatha kulowa m'malo mwa china. Mwambiri, kusinthaku kumatenga zaka zochepa, ndikusintha pakati pa mibadwo ndichofunikira pakusintha miyambo.
Mafomu ndi zitsanzo zakusintha kwamitundu
Komabe, kusintha kwachikhalidwe sichinthu chodabwitsa, chomwe chimachitika pakapita nthawi. M'malo mwake, zimawonedwa kuti zimatha kukula m'njira zosiyanasiyana:
kuti) Kusamukira Kwakumtunda
Nthawi zambiri, miyambo yazikhalidwe imasinthidwa kuchokera pa kubwera kwa mayendedwe osamukira kuchokera kudera lina kupita kwina. Mayiko ambiri, makamaka omwe ali ku Latin America, amafotokoza mawonekedwe ake aposachedwa potengera magulu omwe adabwera. Mwanjira iyi, ndizotheka kupita kudziko lomwe lili ndi malangizo ena, gulu la anthu okulirapo kuposa lomwe limakhala nthawi imeneyo limafika, ndipo gawo lina lazikhalidwe zachilendo limakhudzidwa. Zitsanzo zina za izi ndi izi:
- Kusakanikirana komwe kumachitika ku Peru ndi anthu ambiri ochokera ku Japan kudapangitsa kuti chisakanizo chichitike mwamaganizidwe ophikira.
- Njira yolankhulira Chisipanishi mdera la River Plate idasinthidwa pang'ono chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe adabwera kuchokera ku Italy ndi Spain.
- Pafupifupi mizinda yonse ili ndi Chinatown, yomwe ili ndi zitsogozo zaku China (zopangidwa ndi anthu ochuluka ochokera kumayiko ena omwe adalandila) koma zimapezeka kwa onse omwe amakhala mumzindawu.
b) Akoloni
Pulogalamu ya kulanda ndikukhazikitsa miyambo yatsopano kudzera mndale, nthawi zambiri kuphatikiza pano kukhazikitsidwa kwa zilango kwa iwo omwe achoka munjira zatsopanozo. Njirayi imakakamizidwa, komabe ndi chifukwa chosinthira miyambo yambiri nthawi zonse. Zitsanzo zina zitha kutchulidwa:
- Ngakhale ndichipembedzo, Chikhristu ndi mfundo zazikuluzikulu zidalimbikitsidwa ku America kuchokera m'manja andale.
- Ngakhale sikuti ndi atsamunda, munthawi ya nkhondo ya Malvinas ku Argentina, boma lidaletsa kufalitsa malangizo azikhalidwe mchingerezi. Izi zidatulutsa mawonekedwe azikhalidwe zatsopano, zosintha zomwe zili mchingerezi kupita ku Chisipanishi.
- Chilankhulo cha Chingerezi ku United States chimayankha madera omwe Britain Crown inali nawo, mpaka chaka cha 1776.
c) Kusinthana kwachuma komanso chikhalidwe
Pulogalamu ya kusinthana kwachuma komanso chikhalidwe amakwaniritsa kulowerera kwa chikhalidwe pamalo pomwe pasanakhale wina. Nthawi zambiri zimachitika chifukwa mamembala a gulu lomwe limatsata mawonekedwe atsopanowa amawona njira zatsopanozo bwino, ndipo nthawi zina zimachitika kudzera mu njira zamsika.
Ndikutsanzira, komwe kumakondedwa kwambiri ndi kupita patsogolo kwamakono kwamatekinoloje. Zitsanzo zina zosintha kwamtunduwu ndi izi:
- Pakadali pano, mpikisano wamakampani aku China pankhani zamayiko ambiri zikutanthauza kuti malonda ake amafika padziko lonse lapansi, ndikusintha miyambo yamalo omwe amafikira.
- Kusakanikirana kwa matekinoloje atsopano kumasintha nyimbo zomwe zimamvedwa m'maiko ambiri akumadzulo, alipo ambiri mwa ojambula omwe amatha kumvetsera nthawi yomweyo m'malo ambiri.
- Njira zandale zodziwika bwino masiku ano (demokalase yopanda ufulu) zinali kudzitsimikizira padziko lapansi kudzera pakutsanzira mayiko osiyanasiyana.
d) Kudzinenera kuti zasiyidwa
Mutha kulingalira za kuthekera kwakuti dziko limasankha kusintha miyambo yakanthawi kochepa ndi ena yomwe idakhalapo kale. Ndikubwezeretsanso kwamphamvu mu nthawi ina, zomwe sizimachitika kawirikawiri koma ndizotheka.
Njira zomwe zimafotokoza miyambo yazikhalidwe zakale kapena zoyambirira zitha kuwonedwa ngati zitsanzo zamtunduwu.
Kukana ndi zothandizira
Pali zambiri olemba anthropology ndi sociology omwe amatsutsa mwamphamvu njira zakusintha kwachilengedwe chifukwa cha zovuta zandale koma koposa zonse chifukwa chotsanzira, zomwe mosakayikira ndizofala kwambiri zamtunduwu lero.
Ngakhale ali olondola pakutsimikizira kuti zikhalidwe zamayiko zikuwoneka kuti zikufanana wina ndi mzake koposa m'malo mosiyana momwe ziyenera kukhalira, ndizowona kuti pakusintha kwachikhalidwe miyambo yambiri imafikira anthu ambiri.
