Zopereka za Isaac Newton

Isaac Newton (1642-1727) anali wasayansi waku Britain, masamu, wasayansi yemwe adathandizira kwambiri pazasayansi. Amadziwika kuti ndi m'modzi mwa akatswiri kwambiri m'mbiri yapadziko lonse.

Newton adachita bwino kwambiri pankhani ya sayansi, masamu, optics, komanso sayansi ya zakuthambo. Zomwe adapeza zidasintha njira yodziwira chilengedwe. Zina mwazomwe apeza ndi izi: malamulo oyendetsa, lamulo la mphamvu yokoka ya chilengedwe chonse ndi malingaliro amtundu.

Newton anali gawo la kusintha kwasayansi komwe kudayamba mu Renaissance ndimaphunziro ndi zomwe anapeza zakuthambo Nicolás Copernicus. Izi zidapitilira kusintha kwake ndi zopereka za a Johannes Kepler, Galileo Galilei; kenako ndi Isaac Newton. M'zaka za zana la 20, Albert Einstein adatenga malingaliro ake ambiri kuti apange zinthu zazikulu.

• Itha kukuthandizani: Zosintha zasayansi

1. Malamulo oyendetsa Newton

Malamulo oyendetsa adapangidwa ndi Isaac Newton pantchito yake: Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Masamu (1687). Malamulowa adakhazikitsa maziko omvetsetsa kwamakaniko akale, nthambi ya fizikiki yomwe imafufuza momwe matupi amapumira kapena kuyenda pang'onopang'ono (poyerekeza ndi kuthamanga kwa kuwala).

Malamulowa amafotokoza momwe kusunthika kulikonse kwa thupi kumamvera malamulo atatu akulu:

• Lamulo loyamba: Lamulo la inertia. Thupi lililonse limapumulabe pokhapokha ngati pali mphamvu ina yomwe imapanikiza. Mwachitsanzo: Galimoto ikayimitsidwa injini isachoke, imayimilira pokhapokha china chayendetsa.
• Lamulo lachiwiri: Mfundo zazikuluzikulu zamphamvu. Mphamvu yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pathupi ndiyofanana ndi kuthamanga komwe izikhala nako. Mwachitsanzo: Ngati wina akukankha mpira, mpirawo upitilira patsogolo pomwe mphamvuyo imagwiritsidwa ntchito pomenya.
• Lamulo lachitatu: Lamulo lakuchita ndi kuchitapo kanthu. Mphamvu inayake ikagwiritsidwa ntchito pachinthu (choyenda kapena chosasuntha), chimakhala ndi mphamvu yofanana poyambirira. Mwachitsanzo: SNgati munthu mwangozi agundana ndi khoma, khoma limakhala ndi mphamvu yomweyi kwa munthuyo monga munthu amene wagwiritsa ntchito pakhomalo.

1. Lamulo la mphamvu yokoka

Lamulo la mphamvu yokoka lidakonzedwa ndi Newton ndipo limafotokozera kulumikizana kwamphamvu pakati pa matupi osiyanasiyana ndi misa. Newton adatengera malamulo ake oyendetsa kuti anene kuti mphamvu yokoka (mphamvu yomwe matupi awiri amakoperana) ikugwirizana ndi: mtunda wapakati pa matupi awiriwa ndi kuchuluka kwa matupi onsewa. Chifukwa chake, mphamvu yokoka ndiyofanana ndi chotulukapo cha unyinji womwe udagawika patali pakati pawo mbali zonse ziwiri.

1. Chikhalidwe cha kuwala

Mwa kulowa m'munda wa Optics, Newton adawonetsa kuti kuwalako sikupangidwa ndi mafunde (monga amakhulupirira) koma tinthu tating'onoting'ono (tomwe amatcha ma corpuscle) timaponyedwa mwachangu komanso molunjika kuchokera mthupi lomwe limatulutsa kuwala. Chiphunzitsochi chinawululidwa ndi Newton m'ntchito yake: Zojambula momwe amaphunzirira kutulutsa, kusinkhasinkha ndi kufalikira kwa kuwala.

Komabe, malingaliro ake adanyozedwa chifukwa chakuyesa kwamphamvu kowala. M'zaka za zana la 20 zokha (ndi kupita patsogolo kwa makina amiyeso) kunali kotheka kufotokoza chodabwitsa cha kuwala ngati tinthu, nthawi zina, komanso ngati funde, nthawi zina.

1. Malingaliro amtundu

Utawaleza unali umodzi mwa mavuto aakulu kwambiri m'nthawi ya Newton. Wasayansi ameneyu adazindikira kuti kuwunika komwe kumachokera kudzuwa monga kuwala koyera kunawola m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndikupanga utawaleza.

Anayang'ana pogwiritsa ntchito ndodo m'chipinda chamdima. Amaloleza kuti kuwala kudutse pamalingaliro ena kudzera pabowo. Izi zidalowa m'modzi mwa nkhope za prism ndipo zidagawika m'mazira achikuda okhala ndimakona osiyanasiyana.

Newton anagwiritsanso ntchito chotchedwa disk ya Newton, bwalo lokhala ndi magawo ofiira ofiira, a lalanje, achikaso, obiriwira, otuwa, a buluu, ndi ansalu. Pozungulira discyo mofulumira kwambiri, mitunduyo imaphatikizana ndikupanga yoyera.

1. Telesikopu ya Newtonia

Mu 1668, Newton adayambitsa telescope yake yomwe idagwiritsa ntchito magalasi a concave ndi convex. Mpaka nthawiyo, asayansi amagwiritsa ntchito ma telescope obwezeretsa, omwe amaphatikiza ma prism ndi magalasi kuti athe kukulitsa chithunzichi kuti aziwona patali kwambiri.

Ngakhale sanali woyamba kugwira ntchito ndi mtundu uwu wa telesikopu, amadziwika kuti ndiwopanganso chida chogwiritsa ntchito magalasi oyeserera.

1. Mawonekedwe A Dziko Lapansi

Mpaka nthawiyo, ndipo chifukwa cha zopereka ndi zomwe anapeza a Nicolás Copernicus ndi Galileo Galilei, amakhulupirira kuti Dziko Lapansi ndi gawo labwino kwambiri.

Potengera kuti dziko lapansi limazungulira palokha ndi lamulo la mphamvu yokoka, Newton adagwiritsa ntchito masamu ndipo adatenga mtunda kuchokera mbali zosiyanasiyana zapadziko lapansi mpaka pakati pake. Adapeza kuti mayeserowa amasiyana (m'mimba mwake mwa equator ndiwotalikirapo kuposa m'mimba kuchokera pa pole mpaka pole) ndipo adapeza mawonekedwe apadziko lapansi oval.

1. Kuthamanga kwa mawu

Mu 1687 Newton adasindikiza malingaliro ake akumveka mu: Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, komwe akunena kuti kuthamanga kwa mawu sikudalira kukula kwake kapena pafupipafupi, koma potengera zamadzimadzi omwe amayenda. Mwachitsanzo: Phokoso likamatuluka pansi pamadzi liziyenda liwiro lina losiyana ndi lomwe likutulutsa mumlengalenga.

1. Lamuloli convection lamulo

Lamulo lomwe pano limadziwika kuti lamulo lozizira la Newton, lamuloli limanena kuti kutentha kwa thupi komwe thupi limakumana nako ndikofanana ndi kutentha komwe kulipo pakati pa thupi ndi malo ozungulira.

Mwachitsanzo: KAPENAKapu yamadzi otentha imazizira mwachangu kutentha kwapakati pa 10 ° kuposa kutentha kwa 32 °.

1. Kuwerengera

Newton adalowa nawo ziwerengero zochepa kwambiri. Adatcha kusintha kumeneku kuwerengera (zomwe lero timazitcha kuti zotumphukira), chida chomwe chimathandiza kuwerengera njira ndi ma curve. Kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 1665 adatulukira theorem binomial ndipo adapanga mfundo zoyambira ndi kuphatikiza.

Ngakhale Newton anali woyamba kupanga izi, anali katswiri wamasamu waku Germany, Gottfried Leibniz, yemwe, atapeza yekha makinawo, adafalitsa zomwe adazipeza Newton asanafike. Izi zidawapangitsa mkangano womwe sunathe mpaka kumwalira kwa Newton mu 1727.

1. Mafunde

Mu ntchito yake: Philosophiae Naturalis Principia MathematicaNewton adalongosola momwe mafunde akuyendera monga tikudziwira lero. Adazindikira kuti kusintha kwa mafunde kumachitika chifukwa cha mphamvu yokoka yochitidwa ndi Dzuwa ndi Mwezi Padziko Lapansi.

• Pitirizani ndi: Zopereka za Galileo Galilei