Kusakanikirana, Kukhazikika, Kutuluka kwa Madzi, Kutentha Kwambiri ndi Kutentha Kwambiri

Zamkati

• Zitsanzo zosakanikirana
• Zitsanzo za kukhazikika
• Zitsanzo za kusintha kwa madzi
• Zitsanzo za sublimation
• Zitsanzo zakukondwerera

Pali njira zingapo zakuthupi zomwe zinthu zimatha kusintha pang'onopang'ono, kusinthana olimba, madzi ndipo gaseous malinga ndi zovuta zina komanso kutentha yomwe imayikidwa, komanso chothandizira kuchitapo kanthu zenizeni.

Izi ndichifukwa champhamvu yamphamvu yomwe tinthu tawo timanjenjemera, kulola kuyandikira kwambiri kapena kochepa pakati pawo ndikusintha mawonekedwe a zinthu funso.

Njirazi ndi izi: kusakanikirana, kulimbitsa, kutentha kwa madzi, sublimation ndi condensation.

• Pulogalamu ya kusakanikirana Ndiwo mphira kuchokera pakakhazikika mpaka pazinthu zamadzi momwe kutentha kumawonjezeka (mpaka pomwe amasungunuka).
• Pulogalamu ya kukhazikika ndi nkhani yotsutsana, kuyambira madzi mpaka cholimba, kapena kuyambira gaseous mpaka solid (yotchedwanso crystallization kapena mafunsidwe), pochotsa kutentha.
• Pulogalamu ya nthunzi Zimatanthawuza kusintha kuchokera kumadzi kupita ku gaseous powonjezera kutentha (mpaka komwe kumatentha).
• Pulogalamu ya kugonjera Ndizofanana, koma zochepa wamba: kusintha kuchokera kolimba kupita ku gaseous, osadutsa madzi.
• Pulogalamu ya kufupikitsa kapena mpweya, amasintha mpweya kukhala zamadzimadzi kuchokera pakusintha kwamphamvu kapena kutentha.

Itha kukutumikirani: Zitsanzo za Olimba, Zamadzimadzi ndi Gaseous

Zitsanzo zosakanikirana

1. Sungunulani ayezi. Powonjezera kutentha kwa madzi oundana, mwina kuwasiya kutentha kapena kuuwotcha, amataya kulimba kwake ndikukhala madzi amadzi.
2. Sungunulani zitsulo. Makampani osiyanasiyana azitsulo amagwiritsa ntchito potengera kusungunuka kwa zolowererazo muma ng'anjo zazikulu zamakampani, kuti athe kuzipanga kapena kuziphatikiza ndi ena (alloys).
3. Sungunulani makandulo. Makandulo, opangidwa kuchokera ku parafini kuchokera ma hydrocarbon, amakhalabe olimba kutentha, koma akagwidwa ndi chingwe cha chingwecho, chimasungunuka ndipo chimakhalanso chamadzimadzi mpaka chiziziranso.
4. Magma ophulika. Potengera kupsinjika kwakukulu ndi kutentha, chinthu ichi chomwe chimakhala padziko lapansi chimatha kuganiziridwa ngati thanthwe losungunuka kapena losungunuka.
5. Wotani mapulasitiki. Powonjezera kutentha kwawo kuzinthu wamba, mapulasitiki ena amatha kukhala amadzimadzi, ngakhale amalimbanso mwachangu kamodzi lawi silikumana nawo mwachindunji.
6. Sungunulani tchizi. Tchizi ndi mkaka womwe umakhala wolimba kwambiri nthawi zambiri kutentha, koma ukautentha umakhala madzi mpaka utaziranso.
7. Zowotcherera. Ntchito yotsekemera imakhudza kusakanikirana kwazitsulo pogwiritsa ntchito a mankhwala zimachitikira Kutentha kwakukulu, komwe kumakupatsani mwayi wolumikizana ndi zida zina zachitsulo chifukwa sizolimba ndipo, mukamazizira, mumapezanso mphamvu limodzi.

Onani zambiri: Zitsanzo Zolimba Zamadzimadzi

Zitsanzo za kukhazikika

1. Sinthani madzi kukhala oundana. Ngati tichotsa kutentha (madzi) m'madzi mpaka ikafika poti kuzizira kwambiri (0 ° C), madziwo amasiya kuyenda ndipo amapita olimba: ayezi.
2. Pangani njerwa zadongo. Njerwa zimapangidwa kuchokera ku dothi losakanikirana ndi zinthu zina mu phala lopanda madzi, lomwe limakhala ndi mawonekedwe ake. Atafika kumeneko, amawotcha kuti achotse chinyezi ndikuwapatsa mphamvu ndi kulimbana nawo.
3. Kupanga miyala kwa Igneous. Thanthwe lamtunduwu limayamba chifukwa cha phiri lamadzimadzi lomwe limakhala pansi kwambiri paphiri ndipo lomwe, likamera pamwamba, limaziziritsa, limakhazikika komanso limauma, mpaka limakhala mwala wolimba.
4. Pangani maswiti. Maswiti amapangidwa potentha ndikusungunula shuga wamba, mpaka madzi amtundu wa bulauni atapezeka. Ikatsanuliridwa mu nkhungu, imaloledwa kuziziritsa ndi kuumitsa, potero imapeza caramel.
5. Pangani soseji. Masoseji monga chorizo ​​kapena soseji yamagazi amapangidwa kuchokera kumwazi wamagazi, wokutidwa ndi marinated, wochiritsidwa mkati mwa khungu la matumbo a nkhumba.
6. Pangani galasi. Izi zimayamba ndikuphatikizika kwa zopangira (mchenga wa silika, calcium carbonate ndi miyala yamiyala) kutentha kwambiri, mpaka ikafika pakasinthasintha koyenera kuti iphulike ndikuipanga. Chosakanizacho chimaloledwa kuziziritsa ndipo chimakhala cholimba komanso chowonekera.
7. Pangani zida. Kuchokera pazitsulo zamadzi (aloyi wa chitsulo ndi kaboni) kapena kuponyera, zida ndi ziwiya zosiyanasiyana zogwiritsa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku zimapangidwa. Chitsulo chamadzimadzi chimaloledwa kuziziritsa ndikukhazikika mu nkhungu motero chida chimapezeka.

Onani zambiri: Zitsanzo kuchokera ku Zamadzimadzi kupita ku Zolimba

Zitsanzo za kusintha kwa madzi

1. Wiritsani madzi. Mwa kubweretsa madzi ku 100 ° C (malo ake otentha), tinthu tawo timatenga mphamvu zochuluka kwambiri kotero kuti zimataya madzi ndikukhala nthunzi.
2. Zovala zapachika. Tikatsuka, timapachika zovala kuti kutentha kwachilengedwe kusanduke chinyezi chotsalira ndipo nsalu zikhale zowuma.
3. Utsi wa khofi. Utsi womwe umatuluka mu kapu yotentha ya khofi kapena tiyi ndi gawo chabe lamadzi omwe amapezeka mu kusakaniza yomwe imakhala gaseous state.
4. Kutuluka thukuta. Madontho amene thukuta lathu limatulutsa amasanduka mlengalenga, motero amatenthetsa kutentha kwa nkhope yathu (amatulutsa kutentha).
5. Mowa kapena ether. Zinthu izi, zotsalira pakatenthedwe, zimasanduka nthunzi kanthawi kochepa, popeza malo omwe amatuluka mumadzi ndi otsika kwambiri kuposa amadzi, mwachitsanzo.
6. Pezani mchere wamchere. Kutuluka kwamadzi a m'nyanja kumataya mchere womwe nthawi zambiri unkasungunuka mmenemo, kulola kuti usonkhanitsidwe kuti ugwiritse ntchito pazakudya kapena mafakitale, kapenanso kutulutsa madzi (omwe amachokera ku nthunzi angasanduke madzi, tsopano opanda mchere).
7. Kuzungulira kwa hydrological. Njira yokhayo yomwe madzi m'chilengedwe amakwerera kumlengalenga ndipo amatha kuziziranso kuti igwererenso (komwe kumatchedwa kuzungulira kwa madzi), ndikuti isanduke nthunzi nyanja, nyanja ndi mitsinje, zikatenthedwa masana ndi dzuwa.

Onani zambiri: Zitsanzo za Kutuluka kwa Madzi

Zitsanzo za sublimation

1. Chipale chouma. Kutentha, ayezi wopangidwa kuchokera ku carbon dioxide (CO₂, Woyamwa poyamba ndiyeno wazizira) amabwezeretsanso mawonekedwe ake apakale.
2. Kutuluka kwamadzi pamitengo. Popeza kuti ku Arctic ndi ku Antarctic madzi alibe mawonekedwe ake amadzimadzi (ali pansi pa 0 ° C), gawo lake limalowetsedwa mumlengalenga kuchokera pachimake cholimba cha madzi oundana.
3. Naphthalene. Cholimba chopangidwa ndi mphete ziwiri za benzene, cholimba chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala othamangitsira njenjete ndi nyama zina chimasowa chokha pamene chimasintha, kutentha, kukhala kolimba kukhala gasi.
4. Maganizo a Arsenic. Ikabweretsedwa ku 615 ° C, chinthu cholimba ichi (komanso choopsa kwambiri) chimataya mawonekedwe ake olimba ndikukhala gasi, osadutsa madzi panjira.
5. Kudzuka kwa ma comets. Pamene akuyandikira dzuwa, miyala iyi yoyenda imapeza kutentha komanso ma CO ambiri₂ mazira amayamba kuchepa, kutsata "mchira" wodziwika bwino kapena njira yowonekera.
6. Ayodini sublimation. Makristali a ayodini, akamatenthedwa, amasandulika kukhala mpweya wofiirira kwambiri osafunikira kusungunuka poyamba.
7. Sulfa sublimation. Sulfa nthawi zambiri imagawidwa ngati njira yopezera "maluwa a sulfa", mawonekedwe ake ngati ufa wabwino kwambiri.

Onani zambiri: Zitsanzo kuchokera Olimba mpaka Gaseous (ndi njira ina pozungulira)

Zitsanzo zakukondwerera

1. Mame a m'mawa. Kutsika kwa kutentha kozungulira m'mawa kumapangitsa kuti nthunzi ya madzi ikhale m'mlengalenga pamalo owonekera, pomwe imakhala madontho amadzi otchedwa mame.
2. Kugunda kwa magalasi. Popeza kuzizira kwa nkhope zawo, magalasi ndi magalasi ndizofunikira kwambiri pakulandirira nthunzi yamadzi, monga zimachitikira mukasamba motentha.
3. Kutuluka thukuta ndi zakumwa zoziziritsa kukhosi. Pokhala ndi kutentha kotsika kuposa chilengedwe, pamwamba pa kachitini kapena botolo lodzazidwa ndi soda yozizira limalandira chinyezi kuchokera m'chilengedwe ndipo limalilowetsa m'madontho omwe amatchedwa "thukuta."
4. Kuzungulira kwa madzi. Nthunzi yamadzi mumlengalenga yotentha nthawi zambiri imakwera mpaka kumtunda kwa mpweya, komwe imakumana ndi mpweya wozizira ndikutuluka ngati mpweya wake, kenako imadzaza ndi mitambo yamvula yomwe idzaigwetserenso kukhala madzi padziko lapansi.
5. Zowongolera mpweya. Sikuti zida izi zimatulutsa madzi, koma kuti zimawasonkhanitsa kuchokera kumlengalenga, zozizira kwambiri kuposa zakunja, ndikuzizunguliza mkati mwanu. Kenako iyenera kuthamangitsidwa kudzera ngalande.
6. Kusamalira mpweya wamagetsi. Mitundu yambiri yoyaka, monga butane kapena propane, imapanikizika kwambiri kuti ibweretse m'malo awo amadzimadzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kukhala kosavuta kunyamula ndi kusamalira.
7. Chifunga pa zenera lakutsogolo. Mukamayendetsa kudutsa kubanki ya utsi, mudzawona kuti zenera lakutsogolo limadzaza ndimadontho amadzi, ngati mvula yambiri. Izi ndichifukwa chakukhudzana ndi nthunzi yamadzi yomwe ili pamwamba, yomwe, pokhala yotentha, imakondanso kutentha kwake.

Onani zambiri: Zitsanzo za Kukondwerera