Zamkati
Pulogalamu ya ntchito yokometsera kapena yokometsera Ndi ntchito ya chilankhulo chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesera kuti wolandila uthengawo achitepo kanthu mwanjira ina (yankhani funso, mupeze dongosolo). Mwachitsanzo: Khalani tcheru. / Musasute.
Ntchitoyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyitanitsa, kufunsa kapena kufunsa, ndipo imayang'ana wolandila popeza kusintha kwa malingaliro kumayembekezeredwa mwa iye. Imenenso ndi ntchito yayikulu popereka malangizo apakamwa kapena olembedwa.
- Onaninso: Ziganizo zopanda tanthauzo
Zilankhulo zantchito yothandizira
- Maphunziro. Ndiwo mawu omwe amatcha kuyitana kapena kutchula dzina munthu tikamawalankhula. Mwachitsanzo: Ndimvere, Pablo.
- Njira yosafunika. Ndi mtundu wa galamala womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kufotokozera malamulo, madongosolo, zopempha, zopempha kapena zofuna. Mwachitsanzo: Chitani nawo izi!
- Zoperewera. Infinitives itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito popereka malangizo kapena zoletsa. Mwachitsanzo: Palibe Kuyima.
- Mafunso ofunsa mafunso. Funso lirilonse limafuna yankho, ndiye kuti limafunsa kuti wolandirayo achitepo kanthu. Mwachitsanzo: Kodi mukuvomereza?
- Mawu otanthauzira. Ndiwo mawu kapena mawu omwe, kuwonjezera pakukhala ndi tanthauzo (lotanthauzira), ali ndi tanthauzo lina mofanizira kapena mophiphiritsa. Mwachitsanzo: Musakhale osayankhula!
- Malingaliro. Awo ndi ziganizo zomwe zimapereka lingaliro pa dzina lomwe amatchulalo. Mwachitsanzo: Ndikofunikira kuchitapo kanthu pankhani yovutayi.
Zitsanzo za ziganizo zokhala ndi ntchito yogwira ntchito
- Tsekani chitseko.
- Ndani wa inu ndi Juan?
- Musasute.
- Kodi mungandithandizeko, chonde?
- Tengani awiri ndikulipira chimodzi.
- Bwana, chonde musasiye ambulera yanu kumeneko.
- Kumenya kwa mphindi 5 mwachangu kwambiri.
- Pezani thireyi.
- Thandizani mayiyo, chonde.
- Musaphonye mwayi wapaderawu.
- Tumizani pitilizani kwanu posonyeza kulipira komwe mukufuna.
- Tulukani mosamala.
- Valani magolovesi otayika kuti mupatse jakisoni.
- Mofulumira!
- Ana, musamachite phokoso kwambiri.
- Onani!
- Pablo, bwera nthawi yomweyo.
- Kodi mungandipezeko kapu ya khofi?
- Yang'anani pazithunzizo ndikupeza zosiyana zisanu.
- Kodi mumtsuko muli madzi?
- Khalani kutali ndi ana.
- Gwiritsani ntchito chipinda 1 cha bulitchi.
- Gulani zinthu ziwiri zazikulu pamtengo wapadera.
- Chotsani magetsi musanatuluke.
- Osayankha ku imelo.
- Tiyeni timvere tisanalankhule.
- Tiyeni tituluke nthawi yomweyo.
- Ndiyankheni.
- Aliyense pano?
- Onetsetsani!
Itha kukutumikirani:
- Zolemba zotsutsana
- Mapemphero olimbikitsa
Zilankhulo
Ntchito za chilankhulo zimaimira zolinga zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimaperekedwa mchilankhulo pakulankhulana. Iliyonse ya iyo imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zolinga zina ndipo imayika patsogolo gawo lina lolumikizirana. Ntchito za chilankhulo zidafotokozedwa ndi wolemba zilankhulo Roman Jackobson ndipo ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi:
- Ntchito yolankhula kapena kuyitana. Zimaphatikizapo kulimbikitsa kapena kulimbikitsa wolowererayo kuti achitepo kanthu. Yakhazikika pa wolandila.
- Ntchito yofananira. Ikufuna kupereka chiwonetsero ngati cholondola monga chenicheni, kudziwitsa wolowererayo zazowona, zochitika kapena malingaliro. Imayang'ana kwambiri pakulankhulana.
- Ntchito yofotokozera. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kufotokoza momwe akumvera, momwe akumvera, zochitika zathupi, zomverera, ndi zina zambiri. Ndizokhazikika.
- Ntchito yandakatulo. Imayesetsa kusintha mtundu wachilankhulo kuti chikhale chokongoletsa, moyang'ana uthengawo momwe umanenedwera. Yayang'ana kwambiri uthengawo.
- Ntchito ya phatic. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyambitsa kulumikizana, kuyisunga komanso kumaliza. Yakhazikika pa ngalande.
- Ntchito ya Metalinguistic. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyankhula za chilankhulo. Ndizokhazikika pa code.
