Zamkati
Chemistry ndi sayansi yomwe imafufuza zofunikira, potengera kapangidwe kake, kapangidwe kake ndi katundu wake. Imaphunziranso za kusintha komwe kumachitika, komwe kumatha kuchitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa mankhwala kapena kulowererapo kwa mphamvu.
Zimaphatikizapo ukatswiri wosiyanasiyana:
- Umagwirira Organic: mankhwala owerengera ndi zotengera za kaboni.
- Zomwe zimapangidwira: limatanthawuza zinthu zonse ndi mankhwala kupatulapo omwe amachokera ku kaboni.
- Umagwirira thupi: werengani ubale womwe ulipo pakati pazinthu ndi mphamvu pakuchita.
- Makina ofufuza: imakhazikitsa njira ndi maluso osanthula momwe zinthu zimapangidwira.
- Zamoyo: werengani zimachitikira mankhwala amene amakula m'zinthu zamoyo.
Kugawanika pakati pa organic ndi inorganic chemistry kumachokera nthawi yomwe makina onse a kaboni adachokera zamoyo. Komabe, pakadali pano pali zinthu zopangidwa ndi kaboni zomwe zimaphunziridwa ndi zochita kupanga: graphite, diamondi, carbonates ndi bicarbonates, carbide.
Ngakhale m'mbuyomu panali kusiyana pakati pa organic ndi inorganic chemistry chifukwa yachiwiri ndiyomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu makampaniPakadali pano pali gawo lalikulu lazogwiritsira ntchito zamagetsi, monga pharmacology ndi agrochemistry.
Malangizo onsewa amaphunzira momwe zimakhalira komanso momwe zimachitikira zinthu ndipo mankhwala, kusiyana ndikuti organic chemistry imangoyang'ana mamolekyulu opangidwa ndi kaboni + hydrogen + oxygen, ndi kulumikizana kwawo ndi mamolekyulu ena.
- Itha kukutumikirani: Zitsanzo za Chemistry mu Moyo watsiku ndi tsiku
Kafukufuku wazinthu zachilengedwe:
- Zomwe zili patebulopo nthawi ndi nthawi.
- Kukonzekera zamagetsi.
- Zomwe zimapangidwira zazitsulo zachitsulo.
Maphunziro azinthu zamagetsi:
- Khalidwe la mamolekyulu a kaboni.
- Njira zamankhwala zomwe zimachitika mchipindamo.
- Zochitika zamagetsi zomwe zamoyo zimadalira.
- Kagayidwe kazinthu zamagulu azinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo anthu.
Pulogalamu ya mankhwala organic pakadali pano atha kukhala achilengedwe kapena opanga.
Ngakhale ndi maluso osiyanasiyana, maphunziro onsewa ali ndi mfundo zofanana ndipo amatha kuphatikizidwa kuti akwaniritse zolinga zosiyanasiyana (mafakitale, chakudya, petrochemical, ndi zina zambiri)
Zitsanzo zamagulu amadzimadzi
- zomangamanga: Kupanga kwa nyumba kapena makina amtundu uliwonse kumafunikira kudziwa momwe zimapangidwira (kukana, kuuma, kusinthasintha, ndi zina zambiri). Nthambi ya zamoyo zomwe zimagwirizana ndi mutuwu ndi sayansi yazida.
- Maphunziro owononga chilengedwe: Geochemistry (nthambi ya zochita kupanga) amaphunzira za kuipitsa madzi, mlengalenga ndi nthaka.
- Kuyamikira miyala yamtengo wapatali: Mtengo wa mchere umatsimikiziridwa ndi kapangidwe kake ka mankhwala.
- Okusayidi: mawonekedwe a dzimbiri pazitsulo ndimomwe amaphunzirira ndimagulu amadzimadzi. Ojambula odana ndi dzimbiri amakwaniritsidwa chifukwa chothandizidwa ndi kapangidwe kake kapangidwe kake.
- Kupanga sopo: THEhydroxide Sodium ndi mankhwala osakanikirana omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira sopo.
- Mchere: Mchere wamba ndi tinthu tomwe timagwiritsa ntchito tsiku lililonse.
- MabatireMaselo ogulitsa kapena mabatire amakhala ndi oxide yasiliva.
- Zakumwa zoziziritsa kukhosi: Zakumwa zopangidwa ndi kaboni zimapangidwa ndi mankhwala amadzimadzi a phosphoric acid.
Zitsanzo za organic chemistry
- Kupanga sopo: Monga tawonera, sopo amapangidwa ndi mankhwala enaake. Komabe, atha kuphatikizanso mankhwala opangidwa ndi organic monga mafuta azinyama kapena mafuta azamasamba ndi zinthu zina.
- Kupuma: Kupuma ndi imodzi mwazinthu zomwe kafukufuku wamankhwala amagwirira ntchito, kuwona momwe mpweya umalumikizidwira ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana (organic ndi inorganic) kuti zitheke kuchokera mlengalenga, kupumira, dongosolo loyendera magazi mpaka kumapeto kwake kumaselo.
- Kusunga mphamvu: The lipids ndipo chakudya ndi mitundu yachilengedwe yomwe imathandizira zamoyo kuti zisunge mphamvu.
- Maantibayotiki: Maantibayotiki amatha kukhala ndi zinthu zachilengedwe komanso zochita kupanga. Komabe, kapangidwe kake kamadalira kudziwa kwa tizilombo zomwe zimakhudza thupi.
- Zosungitsa: Zambiri zotetezera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pachakudya ndizinthu zachilengedwe, koma zimayankha mawonekedwe amankhwala omwe amapezeka pachakudya.
- Katemera: Katemera amachepetsedwa mthupi lomwe limayambitsa matenda. Kupezeka kwa tizilomboti kumathandiza kuti thupi likhale ndi ma antibodies ofunikira kuti asatengeke ndi matendawa.
- Zojambula: Zojambula zimapangidwa ndi acetaldehyde.
- Mowa (ethanol): Mowa ndi mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zambiri: kuthira tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, utoto, zakumwa, zodzoladzola, kuteteza chakudya, ndi zina zambiri.
- Mpweya wa Butane: Amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'nyumba zophikira, kutentha kapena kutentha madzi.
- Polyethylene: Ndi pulasitiki wogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndipo amapangidwa kuchokera ku ethylene, alkene hydrocarbon.
- Chikopa: Chikopa ndi chinthu chomwe chimakwaniritsa kusasinthasintha kwake komaliza chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito khungu, momwe mankhwala amtundu wa acetaldehyde amalowerera.
- Mankhwala: Mankhwala ophera tizilombo atha kuphatikizira zinthu zachilengedwe, komanso zinthu zachilengedwe, monga chlorobenzene, a hydrocarbon onunkhira ogwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala osungunulira tizilombo.
- Mphira: Mphira ukhoza kukhala wachilengedwe (wochokera kuzitsamba zamasamba) kapena zopangira, zopangidwa kuchokera ku butene, alkene hydrocarbon.
- Zachilengedwe: Zida zopangidwa kuchokera ku aniline, mtundu wa amine, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu agrochemicals.
- Zakudya zowonjezera: Zakudya zowonjezera zowonjezera zambiri zimaphatikizapo zinthu zachilengedwe monga inu pitani kunja ndipo mchere. Komabe, zimaphatikizaponso zinthu zachilengedwe monga amino zidulo.
Onani zambiri: Zitsanzo za Organic Chemistry
