Zamkati
Zilankhulo zosiyanasiyana (kapena zilankhulo) ndi zining'a kapena zining'a zomwe zimafotokozera magulu osiyanasiyana olankhula chilankhulo, osakayikira mgwirizano wazilankhulo zawo. Mwachitsanzo: River Plate, Central America, Riojan.
Pafupifupi zilankhulo zonse zimafotokozedwa ngati mitundu yambiri yazilankhulo, yolumikizidwa ndi kusiyanasiyana kwamitundu ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zilankhulozi. Zilankhulo, ndiye, mitundu kapena machitidwe amchigawo chomwe chilankhulo chimafotokozedwera.
Amatha kukhala ambiri, makamaka m'zilankhulo monga Chisipanishi, chomwe chimalankhulidwa kumadera akutali kwambiri. M'chilankhulochi, sikuti pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa Spain yaku America ndi Spain, komanso mitundu yazilankhulo zosiyanasiyana imadziwika ku Spain komweko komanso ku America.
Zofananazo zimachitika ndi chilankhulo cha Chimandarini (chomwe chimangotchedwa 'Chitchaina' ndipo chimalankhulidwa ndi anthu ochepera 836 miliyoni), kuphatikiza Standard Mandarin (yolankhulidwa ku Beijing) ndi zilankhulo zina zomwe zimayankhulidwa kumadera ena, monga Yángzhōu, the Xī'ān, Chéngdū ndi Língbǎo.
Zina mwazomwe zimayambitsa kubadwa kwa chilankhulo ndizomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu akhale nawo gawo lazilankhulo komanso magawano omwe nthawi zambiri amabweretsa kusintha kosiyanasiyana.
Akatswiri azikhalidwe za zilankhulo ndi omwe amasanthula njirazi. Sizingakhale zophweka kukhazikitsa malire amitundu iyi, popeza zochitika zazilankhulo zomwe zimatanthauzira zovuta za chilankhulo chilichonse ndizosiyana ndipo, nthawi zambiri, sizimasiyana kwambiri ndi zomwe zimachokera komweko.
Mitundu ina yazilankhulo ndi iyi:
- Zosintha (kapena chilankhulo). Zimakhudzana ndi magwiridwe antchito kapena kuchuluka kwa chidziwitso cha chilankhulo (chilankhulo chosiyanasiyana, cholankhula, chonyansa), chomwe chimalumikizidwa ndi chikhalidwe cha wokamba nkhani.
- Diaphase (kapena ntchito). Unikani kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka chilankhulo m'malo osiyanasiyana oyandikira kulumikizana.
Itha kukutumikirani:
- Lexicon wachigawo ndi lexicon yachijeremani
- Malo (ochokera kumayiko osiyanasiyana)
Zitsanzo zamitundu yazilankhulo
Zitsanzo zisanu ndi zitatu zoyambirira pansipa zikufanana ndi zigawo zosiyanasiyana za Chilumba cha Iberia, zisanu zomwe zikutsatira ndi mitundu ya Chisipanishi adayankhulidwa ku America; asanu ndi awiri omalizira ndi ziyankhulo za Chitaliyana amalankhulidwa m'malo osiyanasiyana ku Italy:
- Navarrese
- Riojano
- Kwambiri
- Murciano
- Andalusi
- Canary
- Manchego
- Aragonese
- Zolemba
- Caribbean
- Central America
- Andean
- Amazonian
- Piedmontese
- Friulan
- Tuscan
- Wachimake
- Umbro
- Calabrian
- Campano
- Onani zitsanzo zambiri mu: Zitsanzo zazilankhulo
