Zamkati
Pulogalamu ya mtundu wankhani ndi mtundu wolemba womwe umabweretsanso dziko lopeka malinga ndi wolemba nkhani. Ngakhale kuti zolembedwazo zitha kukhala zowona, ndizabodza chifukwa zimafotokozera komanso malingaliro omwe angakhale omvera nthawi zonse.
Mtundu wofotokozera nthawi zambiri umalembedwa motulutsa mawu, ngakhale pali zina za ndakatulo zosimba, monga "Martín Fierro" kapena "La Llíada".
Wopereka mtundu wankhani amatchedwa wolemba nkhani, chinthu chomwe chimafotokoza ndikufotokozera zochitikazo kuchokera pamalingaliro ena. Wolembayo atha kugwiritsa ntchito munthu woyamba (kuti apange kuyandikira kwambiri ndi zowonadi), munthu wachiwiri (kukhazikitsa ubale ndi owerenga) kapena munthu wachitatu (kuti apange masomphenya owoneka bwino).
Mumtundu wofotokozera, magwiridwe antchito amalingaliro azilankhulo, chifukwa amafotokoza nkhani yokhudza mutu wina kapena wowerengedwa (womwe ungakhale weniweni kapena wongopeka).
Mitundu ina iwiri yayikulu yolembedwa ndi mtundu wanyimbo, womwe umafotokoza zakumverera kapena malingaliro, ndi mtundu wopatsa chidwi, womwe umalembedwa pazokambirana ndipo cholinga chake ndi kuyimira.
- Onaninso: Wotchulira munthu woyamba, wachiwiri ndi wachitatu
Nkhani zotsatirazi ndi izi:
- Epic. Ili ndi mbiri yongopeka chifukwa imafotokoza zochitika za ngwazi, milungu ndi zongopeka.
- Imbani zochita. Ndi mawonekedwe epic omwe adadzipereka kuchitira zanzeru zankhondo zaku Middle Ages. Amatchedwa "nyimbo" chifukwa adafalitsidwa ndi oyimba magalasi omwe amawerenga nkhanizi, chifukwa cha kusaphunzira kwa anthu apanthawiyo (zaka za zana la 11 ndi 12).
- Nkhani. Nthawi zambiri imalembedwa motulutsa ndipo imadziwika ndi kufupika kwake, kuchuluka kwa otchulidwawo komanso kuphweka kwa mfundo zake.
- Novel. Kutalika kuposa nkhaniyi, imafotokoza motsatizana kwa zochitika ndikufotokozera otchulidwa angapo mwanjira yovuta kwambiri. Buku nthawi zonse limakhala, zongopeka. Ngakhale mabuku a mbiri yakale, ngakhale amafotokoza zochitika zenizeni, ali ndi zowona komanso mavesi azopeka.
- Fanizo. Ngakhale ndi yayifupi kuposa nthano, imayesetsanso kupereka chiphunzitso pogwiritsa ntchito fanizo.
- Nthano. Ndi nkhani yodziwika bwino yozikidwa pazochitika zenizeni, koma zowonjezera zowonjezera zomwe zimafotokozera magawo osiyanasiyana amoyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Amatumizidwa mwamawu pakamwa, ngakhale pakadali pano amapangidwanso m'zosindikizidwa.
- Nthano. Imafotokozera nkhani yayifupi yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi nyama zomwe zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe amunthu monga kutha kuyankhula, kuganiza moyenera kapena kukondana. Nthano zimakhala ndi chiphunzitso chotchedwa "zamakhalidwe abwino" ndipo cholinga chake ndikupereka chikhalidwe cha anthu.
Zitsanzo zamtundu wankhani
- Kalulu ndi Kamba. Chitsanzo cha nthano.
Kalekalelo panali kalulu yemwe anali wopanda pake chifukwa chothamanga. Nthawi zonse ankaseka kusefukira kwa kamba. Kamba samanyalanyaza zomwe amamunyoza, mpaka tsiku lina adamutsutsa. Kalulu anadabwa kwambiri, koma anavomera.
Nyamazo zinasonkhanitsidwa kuti ziwone mpikisanowu ndipo malo oyambira ndi kumaliza adatsimikizika. Mpikisano utayamba, Kalulu adapatsa fulu liwu lalitali, kwinaku akunyoza. Kenako anayamba kuthamanga ndikudutsa fuluyo mosavuta. Atafika pang'ono, adayimilira nakhala kupumula. Koma mosazindikira anagona tulo.
Pakadali pano, kamba amapitabe patsogolo pang'onopang'ono, koma osayima. Kalulu atadzuka, fulu anali patangotsala pang’ono chabe kuchokera kumapeto, ndipo ngakhale kuti kaluluyo anathamanga kwambiri, analephera kupambana mpikisano.
Kalulu anaphunzira maphunziro ofunika tsiku lomwelo. Anaphunzira kusaseka ena, chifukwa palibe amene angawoneke kuti ndi wapamwamba kuposa ena. Kuphatikiza apo, adazindikira kuti chofunikira kwambiri ndikulimbikira poyesetsa kukwaniritsa cholinga.
- Zitsanzo zambiri mu: Nthano Zachidule
- Odyssey. Chitsanzo cha epic mu vesi.
(Chidutswa: Kukumana kwa Ulysses ndi ma siren)
Pakadali pano sitima yolimba ndiyopepuka
adakumana ndi a Sirens: mpweya wosangalala udamupangitsa
koma mwadzidzidzi mphepo ija inatha, bata lalikulu
anamva mozungulira: mulungu wina amasintha mafunde.
Pamenepo anyamata anga ananyamuka, napinda matanga awo,
Iwo adachigwetsera pansi pa bwato ndipo, atakhala pansi pa chombo,
Anayeretsa nyanja ndi thovu ndi mafosholo opukutidwa.
Pakadali pano ndidatenga mkuwa wakuthwa, ndikudula sera ya sera
ndipo, ndikuthyola mu tiziduswa tating'ono, ndinkangowatsina
ndi dzanja langa lolimba: posakhalitsa adafewa, adakhala
wamphamvu zala zanga ndi moto wa dzuwa kuchokera kumwamba.
M'modzi m'modzi amuna anga omwe anali nawo ndidatseka makutu anga
nawonso, adandimanga miyendo ndi manja
pa mlongoti, molunjika, ndi zingwe zamphamvu, ndiyeno
kuti akwapule ndi zikepezo anabwerera kunyanjako.
Tsopano gombelo silinali chabe ngati kufikira kwa mfuu
ndipo sitima yapamadziyo idawuluka, m'malo mwake adazindikira
A Sirens adadutsa ndikukweza nyimbo yawo yoyimba:
"Bwerani kuno, tipatseni ulemu, Ulysses wolemekezeka,
paulendo wanu muletse chidwi kuti mumve nyimbo yathu,
chifukwa palibe aliyense m'boti lake lakuda amene amadutsa apa osalabadira
kwa mawu awa omwe amayenda uchi wokoma kuchokera milomo yathu.
Aliyense amene amamvetsera mosangalala amadziwa zinthu chikwi.
ntchito timadziwa kuti kumeneko mwa Troad ndi madera ake
ya milungu idapatsa mphamvu ma Trojans ndi Argives
komanso zomwe zimachitika paliponse panthaka yachonde ".
Chifukwa chake adati, kutulutsa mawu okoma komanso m'chifuwa mwanga
Ndinkalakalaka kuwamva. Ndinaipidwa ndi nsidze m'maso mwanga
lolani amuna anga amasule ukapolo wanga; iwo anapalasa ngalawa
motsutsana ndi opalasa ndi kuyimilira Perimedes ndi Eurylochus, kuponyera
Zingwe zatsopano zinali kukakamiza mfundo zawo kwa ine.
Titawasiya kumbuyo ndipo sikunamvekenso
mawu aliwonse kapena nyimbo ya ma Sirens, abwenzi anga okhulupirika
adachotsa phula lomwe ndinali nalo m'makutu mwawo
anayikidwa pomwe ndimabwera ndikundimasula ku maunyolo anga.
- Nyimbo ya Roldán. Chitsanzo cha chikalata choyimbira.
(Chidutswa)
Oliveros wakwera phiri. Yang'anani kumanja kwanu, ndipo penyani gulu la osakhulupirira likudutsa m'chigwa chaudzu. Nthawi yomweyo amayimbira Roldán, mnzake, nati:
-Ndimva mphekesera zakukula kwambiri kuchokera kumbali ya Spain, ndimawona kutalika kwambiri ndikuwala zipewa zambiri! Anthuwa adzaika French yathu pamavuto akulu. Ganelon amadziwa bwino, wotsika yemwe anatisankha pamaso pa mfumu.
"Khala chete, Oliveros," Roldán akuyankha; Ndi bambo anga ondipeza ndipo sindikufuna kuti munene za iye!
Oliveros wakwera mpaka kutalika. Maso ake akuyang'anitsitsa ufumu wa Spain ndi a Saracen omwe asonkhana mu khamu lalikulu. Zipewa zomwe miyala yamtengo wapatali imayikidwa mu golide wawo, ndi zikopa, ndi chitsulo chakumtunda chimawala, komanso ma piki ndi ma gonfaloni omangiriridwa kuzishango. Sangakwanitse kuphatikiza magulu osiyanasiyana ankhondo: ndi ochuluka kwambiri kotero kuti satha kuwerengera. Mumtima mwake, akumva kusokonezeka kwambiri. Mofulumira momwe miyendo yake imaloleza, amatsika phirilo, akuyandikira achi French ndikuwauza zonse zomwe akudziwa.
"Ndawawona osakhulupirira," akutero a Oliveros. Panalibe munthu aliyense amene anaonapo khamu lalikulu chonchi padziko lapansi. Pali zikwi zana limodzi omwe ali patsogolo pathu ndi chishango padzanja, womanga chisoti ndikuphimbidwa ndi zida zoyera; zishango zawo zonyezimira zimawala, ndipo chitsulo chimakhala chowongoka. Muyenera kumenya nkhondo ngati yomwe sinachitikepo. Abwana aku France, Mulungu akuthandizeni! Kanizani mwamphamvu, kuti asatigonjetse!
Achifalansa akuti:
-Oipa amene amathawa! Kufikira imfa, palibe aliyense wa ife adzakusowani!
- Maluwa a Ceibo. Chitsanzo cha nthano.
Aspanya asanafike ku America, mtsikana wina dzina lake Anahí amakhala m'mbali mwa Mtsinje wa Paraná. Sanali wokongola kwenikweni, koma kuyimba kwake kunasangalatsa anthu onse okhala m'mudzi mwake.
Tsiku lina achifwamba aku Spain adafika, omwe adawononga tawuniyo ndikulanda anthu omwe adapulumuka chiwembucho. Anahí anali mmodzi wa iwo. Usikuwo, woyang'anira ndende atagona, Anahí anamubaya ndi mpeni ndikuthawa. Komabe, adamangidwa posachedwa ndikubwezera chifukwa cha kupanduka kwake, adam'mangirira pamtengo ndikumuwotcha.
Komabe, m'malo modya, Anahí adasandulika mtengo. Kuyambira pamenepo pakhala pali ceibo, mtengo wokhala ndi maluwa ofiira.
- Zitsanzo zambiri mu: Nthano
- Mtima WokuuzaniWolemba Edgar Allan Poe. Chitsanzo cha nkhani.
Mvetserani tsopano. Mumanditenga ngati wamisala. Koma anthu openga sakudziwa kalikonse. M'malo mwake ... akanandiona! Mukadatha kuwona momwe ndidachitira mwachangu! Ndi chisamaliro chotani ... ndi kuwonetseratu kotani ... ndi chinyengo chotani chomwe ndinapita kukagwira ntchito! Sindinakhale wokoma mtima kwa okalamba kuposa sabata yomwe ndinamupha. Usiku uliwonse pafupifupi khumi ndi awiri, ndimatembenuza chogwirira cha chitseko chake ndikutsegula… o, modekha kwambiri!
Ndipo, potsegulira ndikokwanira kupitilira mutu, amatola nyali yogontha, kutseka, kutseka kwathunthu, kuti pasapezeke kuwala, ndipo kumbuyo kwake adutsa mutu wake. O, mukadaseka kuti muwone momwe mutu wake umasokera mwanzeru! Anayendetsa pang'onopang'ono ... kwambiri, pang'onopang'ono, kuti asasokoneze tulo la nkhalamba. Zinanditengera ola lathunthu kuti ndikankhe mutu wanga wonse potsegula pakhomo, mpaka nditamuwona atagona pabedi lake. Hei? Kodi wamisala akadakhala wanzeru ngati ine?
Ndipo, mutu wake ukakhala mkati monse mchipinda, amatsegula nyali mosamala… o, mosamala kwambiri! Inde, anali kutsegula nyali mosamala (chifukwa mahinji anali atakhazikika), anali kuyitsegula mokwanira kotero kuti kuwala kumodzi kokha kunagwera pa diso la nkhwazi. Ndipo ndidachita izi kwa mausiku asanu ndi awiri ataliatali ... usiku uliwonse, pa khumi ndi awiri ... koma nthawi zonse ndimapeza diso langa lili lotseka, ndichifukwa chake zinali zosatheka kuti ndichite ntchito yanga, chifukwa sanali bambo wachikulire amene zinandikwiyitsa, koma diso loyipa.
Ndipo m'mawa, akungoyamba tsikulo, adalowa mchipinda chake mopanda mantha ndikumulankhula motsimikiza, kutchula dzina lake mwansangala ndikufunsa momwe wagonera usiku. Mukudziwa, ndikadakhala bambo wachikulire wanzeru kwambiri kuti ndikayikire kuti usiku uliwonse, makamaka khumi ndi awiri, ndimapita kukamuyang'ana akagona.
- Fanizo la Wofesa mbewu. Uthenga Wabwino malinga ndi Mateyu Woyera.
Tsiku lomwelo Yesu adachoka kunyumba nakhala pansi m'mbali mwa nyanja. Khamu lonselo linasonkhana kwa iye mpaka anachita kukwera kuti akwere bwato, koma khamu lonselo linatsalira m'mbali mwa nyanjayo. Ndipo adayamba kunena nawo zinthu zambiri m'mafanizo, nanena, Onani, wofesa adatuluka kukafesa. Ndipo m'mene adayika, zina zinagwa m'mbali mwa njira ndipo mbalame zinadza ndi kuzidya. Zina zinagwera pamiyala pomwe panalibe nthaka yambiri, ndipo posakhalitsa zinamera chifukwa nthaka sinali yozama. koma dzuwa litakwera, idafota ndipo idafota chifukwa idalibe mizu. Gawo lina linagwera paminga; minga inakula ndi kuipinimbiritsa. Kumbali ina, ina inagwera panthaka yabwino ndipo inabala zipatso, ina zana, ina makumi asanu ndi limodzi, ina makumi atatu.
Aliyense amene amva mawu a Ufumu koma osamvetsetsa, woyipayo amabwera ndi kulanda zomwe zafesedwa mumtima mwake: Izi ndi zofesedwa m waynjira. Zofesedwa pamiyala, ndiye amene akumva mawu, nawalandira pomwepo ndi chisangalalo; koma ilibe mizu pa iyo yokha, koma yokhota; Chomwe chafesedwa paminga ndi amene amamva mawu, koma nkhawa za mdziko lino komanso kunyengerera chuma kumalemetsa mawu ndipo amakhalabe wosabala. M'malo mwake, chimene chifesedwa m'nthaka yabwino, ndiwo amene wakumva mawu nawadziwitsa, ndi kubala chipatso, nakhala ndi makumi khumi, kapena makumi asanu ndi limodzi, kapena makumi atatu.
- Nkhondo ndi mtendere, ndi Leon Tolstoi. Chitsanzo cha Novel.
(Chidutswa)
Cholinga changa mawa sichikhala kupondereza ndikupha koma kuteteza asitikali anga kuti asathawe mantha omwe adzawathire iwo ndi ine. Cholinga changa chidzakhala chakuti ayende limodzi ndikuwopseza achi French komanso achi French kuti awope pamaso pathu. Sizinachitike ndipo sizingachitike kuti magulu awiri agundana ndikumenya nkhondo ndipo sizingatheke. (Iwo analemba za Schengraben kuti tinasemphana ndi French mwanjira imeneyo. Ine ndinali kumeneko. Ndipo sizowona: Achifalansa anathawa). Akadagundana akanamenya nkhondo mpaka aliyense atamwalira kapena kuvulala, ndipo sizimachitika.
- Pitirizani ndi: Mitundu Yolemba
