Khazikitsani lingaliro tsopano ndi gawo la masamu. Tonsefe timadziwa kuti amatchedwa set gulu lililonse lazinthu limasiyanitsidwa bwino lomwe ndi limzake, lomwe lili ndi mawonekedwe amodzi (kapena angapo) ofanana. Khazikitsani maphunziro azachipembedzo za maubwenzi ndi maubale a seti; Mundawu udalimbikitsidwa ndi Bolzano ndi Cantor, kenako adakwaniritsidwa kale m'zaka za zana la 20 ndi akatswiri ena masamu, monga Zermelo ndi Fraenkel.
Ndikofunikira kuti seti iliyonse ifotokozedwe bwino, ndiye kuti, imatha kukhazikitsidwa molondola ngakhale itapatsidwa chinthu, ndi chake kapena ayi.
- Yatsani masamu izi zimakhala zosavuta. Mwachitsanzo, ngati kuchuluka kwa manambala opitilira 1 ndi ochepera 15 kukuganiziridwa, zikuwonekeratu kuti setiyi ipangidwa ndi manambala 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 ndi 14 okha.
- Pa chilankhulo wamba, kuyankhula za gulu kungakhale kosamveka bwino, chifukwa ngati tikufuna kupanga gulu la oimba abwino kwambiri, mwachitsanzo, malingaliro azikhala osiyanasiyana ndipo sipadzakhala mgwirizano weniweni woti akhale ndani pagululi komanso ndani sadzatero . Maseti ena apadera amakhala opanda kanthu (opanda zinthu) kapena magulu amgwirizano (wokhala ndi chinthu chimodzi chokha).
Pulogalamu ya zinthu zomwe zili gawo la seti amatchedwa mamembala kapena zinthu, ndipo ma seti amaimiridwa m'malemba olembedwa omwe alowetsedwa mu zomangira: {}. Mkati mwa cholimba, zinthu zimasiyanitsidwa ndi makasitomala. Zitha kuyimiridwanso ndi zithunzi za Venn, zomwe zimaphatikiza zosonkhanitsa zomwe zimapanga gawo lililonse lolimba komanso lotsekedwa, makamaka mozungulira ngati bwalo. Pakakhala mizere ingapo yotsekedwa, iliyonse ya iwo imapatsidwa zilembo zazikulu (A, B, C, ndi zina zambiri) ndipo zigawo zapadziko lonse lapansi zimayimilidwa ndi chilembo U, chomwe chimatanthauza kuyika konsekonse.
Ndi ma seti omwe mutha kuchita ntchito; zazikuluzikulu ndi mgwirizano, mphambano, kusiyana, kuthandizana ndi mankhwala a Cartesian. Mgwirizano wama seti awiri A ndi B amatanthauzidwa ngati seti A ∪ B ndipo izi zimakhala ndi chilichonse chomwe chili chimodzi mwazomwezi. Kufanana komwe kumayimira ndi:
- KU= {José, Jerónimo}, B= {María, Mabel, Marcela}; AUB= {José, Jerónimo, María, Mabel, Marcela}
- P= {peyala, apulo}, C.= {ndimu, lalanje}; F= {chitumbuwa, currant};PUCUF = {peyala, apulo, mandimu, lalanje, chitumbuwa, currant}
- M={7, 9, 11}, N={4, 6, 8}; MUN={7, 9, 11, 4, 6, 8}
- R= {mpira, skate, kupalasa}, G= {kupalasa, mpira, skate}; NKHANI= {mpira, kupalasa, yenda momyata}
- C.= {mwachidwi}, S= {kutulutsa}; CUS = {daisy, kutaya}
- C.= {mwachidwi}, S= {kutulutsa}; T= {botolo}, CUSUT = {margarita, carnation, botolo}
- G= {wobiriwira, wabuluu, wakuda}, H= {wakuda}; GUH= {wobiriwira, wabuluu, wakuda}
- KU={ 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 }; B={ 10, 11, 12 }; AUB={ 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12 }
- D= {Lachiwiri, Lachinayi}, NDI= {Lachitatu, Lachisanu}; CHIFUKWA = {Lachiwiri, Lachitatu, Lachinayi, Lachisanu}
- B= {udzudzu, njuchi, hummingbird}; C.= {ng'ombe, galu, kavalo}; BUC= {udzudzu, njuchi, hummingbird, ng'ombe, galu, kavalo}
- KU={2, 4, 6, 8}, B={1, 2, 3, 4}; AUB={1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8}
- P= {tebulo, mpando}, Funso= {tebulo, mpando}; PUQ= {tebulo, mpando}
- KU= {mkate}, B = {tchizi}; AUB= {mkate, tchizi}
- KU={20, 30, 40}, B= {5, 15}; AUB ={5, 15, 20, 30, 40}
- M= {Januware, February, Marichi, Epulo}, N= {Novembala, Disembala}; MUN= {January, February, March, April, November, December}
- F={12, 22, 32, 42}, G= {a, e, i, o, u}; NKHANI= {12, 22, 32, 42, a, e, i, o, u}
- KU= {chilimwe}, B= {yozizira}; AUB= {chilimwe, chisanu}
- S= {nsapato, poterera, kuzembera}, R= {malaya}; Kummwera= {nsapato, choterera, zopota, shati}
- H= {Lolemba, Lachiwiri}, R= {Lolemba, Lachiwiri}, D= {Lolemba, Lachiwiri}; HURUD= {Lolemba, Lachiwiri}
- P= {wofiira, wabuluu}, Funso= {wobiriwira, wachikasu}, PUQ= {wofiira, wabuluu, wobiriwira, wachikasu}
