Ntchito Yoyenda Mwachangu

Zamkati

• Zitsanzo za mayendedwe ongokhala
• Zitsanzo zoyendera mwachangu

Amatchulidwa mayendedwe am'manja kusinthanitsa zinthu pakati pa chipinda chamkati ndi malo akunja momwe amapezeka. Izi zimachitika kudzera mu nembanemba plasma, chomwe ndi chotchinga chosasunthika chomwe chimachepetsa khungu.

Kutumiza kwa ma cell ndikofunikira polowetsa michere ndi zinthu zosungunuka m'chilengedwe, ndikuchotsa zinyalala kapena zinthu zamafuta mkati mwa selo, monga mahomoni kapena michere. Malinga ndi kayendetsedwe kake ka kayendetsedwe kazinthu ndi mtengo wake wamagetsi, tikambirana:

• Kuyendetsa chabe. Pogwirizana ndi gradient ya ndende, ndiye kuti, kuchokera pakatikati kwambiri mpaka pang'ono, imachitika chifukwa cha kufalikira kwa nembanemba ndipo ilibe mphamvu yamagetsi, chifukwa imagwiritsa ntchito kusuntha kwamolekyulu (matupi awo mphamvu). Pali mitundu inayi yamayendedwe ongokhala chabe:
  • Kusakanikirana kosavuta. Zinthuzo zimasunthira kuchokera kudera lokhazikika kwambiri mpaka zochepa kwambiri mpaka milingo ifanane.
  • Kufalitsa kothandiza. Kutumiza kumachitika ndi mapuloteni apadera onyamula omwe amapezeka mkati mwa khungu.
  • Kusefera. Kakhungu kam'magazi kamakhala ndi ma pores omwe zinthu zina zazikulu zimatha kulowa mkati mwake ndi kuthamanga kwa hydrostatic.
  • Osmosis. Zofanana ndi kufalikira kosavuta, zimatengera sitepe ya mamolekyulu madzi kudzera nembanemba, chifukwa cha kukakamizidwa kwa sing'anga komanso kusankha kwake.

• Kuyendetsa mwachangu. Mosiyana ndi zopanda pake, zimagwira ntchito motsutsana ndi gradient ya ndende (kuchokera kudera locheperako mpaka lokulirapo), motero imakhala ndi mtengo wamagetsi amagetsi. Izi zimathandizira kuti maselo azisonkhanitsira zomwe amafunikira pakapangidwe kake.

Zitsanzo za mayendedwe ongokhala

1. Kutha mu phospholipid wosanjikiza. Chifukwa chake, zinthu zambiri zimalowa m'selo, monga madzi, oxygen, carbon dioxide, mavitamini osungunuka ndi mafuta, ma steroids, glycerines, ndi mowa wopanda mphamvu.
2. Kulowera kudzera m'mapuloteni onse. Zinthu zina za ayoni (zamagetsi), monga sodium, potaziyamu, calcium kapena bicarbonate, zimadutsa nembanemba motsogoleredwa ndi njira ndi mapuloteni wapadera ichi, ochepa kwambiri.
3. Impso glomeruli. Amasefa magazi mu impso, ndikuchotsa urea, creatinine ndi mchere, kudzera munjira yopangira ma capillaries, kuteteza kudutsa kwa zinthu zazikulu ndikutulutsa zazing'ono chifukwa cha kuthamanga kwa sing'anga palokha.
4. Kutsekemera kwa shuga. Maselo nthawi zonse amasungidwa ndi glucose wocheperako, kuwapangitsa kuti aziyenda mosiyanasiyana mkatikati mwawo. Kuti muchite izi, mapuloteni onyamula amanyamula mkati ndikusintha kukhala glucose-6-phosphate.
5. Ntchito ya insulini. Hormone yotulutsidwa ndi kapamba imathandizira kufalikira kwa shuga m'magazi m'maselo, kumachepetsa kupezeka kwa shuga m'magazi, kukwaniritsa gawo wolowetsa.
6. Kufalikira kwa gasi. Kuphatikizika kosavuta kumalola kulowa kwa mpweya wopangidwa ndi kupuma, kuchokera kunja mpaka mkati mwa maselo kuchokera m'magazi awo. Mwanjira imeneyi CO imachotsedwa₂ ndipo mpweya umagwiritsidwa ntchito.
7. Kutuluka thukuta. Kutulutsa thukuta pakhungu kumachitika ndi osmosis: madzi amatuluka ndikunyamula poizoni ndi zinthu zina nawo.
8. Mizu yazomera. Zili ndi nembanemba zosankha zomwe zimalola madzi ndi mchere wina kulowa mkati mwa chomeracho, kenako ndikuzitumiza kumasamba kuti apange photosynthesize.
9. Mayamwidwe m'matumbo. Maselo am'matumbo amatenga madzi ndi zinthu zina zopangira chopondapo, osazilola kuti zizilowa m'magazi. Anati kusankha kumapangidwanso mopanda tanthauzo, kudzera pamagetsi a electrolyte.
10. Kutulutsidwa kwa michere ndi mahomoni m'magazi. Nthawi zambiri amapangidwa ndi makina amtundu wama cell apamwamba, popanda mtengo wa ATP.

Zitsanzo zoyendera mwachangu

1. Sodium potaziyamu pampu. Ndi njira yothandizira pakhungu lomwe limalola, kudzera mu puloteni yotumiza, sodium kuti ichotsedwe mkatikati mwa selo ndikusinthidwa ndi potaziyamu, kusunga ma gradients (potaziyamu wotsika ndi potaziyamu wambiri) komanso polarity yamagetsi yoyenera.
2. Mpope wa calcium. Puloteni ina yonyamula yomwe imapezeka pakhungu, imalola kuti calcium inyamule motsutsana ndi ma electrochemical gradient, kuchokera pa cytoplasm kupita kunja.
3. Phagocytosis. Maselo oyera omwe amateteza thupi amaphatikizira, kudzera m'matumba am'magazi awo am'magazi, tinthu tina tomwe timatulutsa pambuyo pake.
4. Pinocytosis. Njira ina ya phagocytization imadutsa kudzera polowererapo mu nembanemba yomwe imalola kulowa kwa madzi azachilengedwe. Ndichinthu chomwe dzira limachita pakukhwima kwake.
5. Exocytosis. Mosiyana ndi phagocytization, imatulutsa zinthu zama cell kudzera m'matumba am'mimbamo omwe amapita panja, mpaka atalumikizana ndi nembanemba ndikutseguka panja. Umu ndi momwe ma neuron amalumikizirana: kutumiza zinthu za ionic.
6. Matenda a HIV. Kachilombo ka Edzi kamalowa m'maselo pogwiritsa ntchito nembanemba, ndikumangiriza ma glycoprotein omwe amapezeka m'mbali zawo zakunja (ma CD4 receptors) ndikulowerera mkatikati mwawo.
7. Transcytosis. Kusakaniza kwa endocytosis ndi exocytosis, kumapangitsa kuti zinthu ziziyenda mosiyanasiyana kuchokera ku sing'anga kupita kwina, mwachitsanzo, kuchokera pamitsempha yamagazi kupita kumatumba ozungulira.
8. Shuga phototransferase. Njira yodziwika bwino mabakiteriya Chani coli, yomwe imapangidwa ndikusintha magawo ake mkatikati kuti akope ena mgwirizano wolimba potero timapulumutsa mphamvu zambiri.
9. Kutenga chitsulo. Iron imanyamulidwa ndi mabakiteriya ambiri potulutsa siderophores monga enterobactin, yomwe imamangirira pazitsulo zopanga ma chelates kenako imadzilowetsa ndi kuyandikira kwa mabakiteriya, pomwe chitsulo chimatulutsidwa.
10. Kutenga kwa LDL. Lopoprotein iyi yokhala ndi cholesterol esters imagwidwa ndi khungu chifukwa chakuchita kwa apoprotein (B-100) yomwe imalola kulowa kwake mu nembanemba ndikuwonongeka pambuyo pake amino zidulo.