Zamkati
- Makhalidwe a pseudosciences
- Pseudoscience vs. sayansi
- Malingaliro achiwembu
- Zitsanzo za pseudosciences
- Mfundo zabodza
Pulogalamu ya asayansi Izi ndizo zizolowezi kapena malingaliro omwe amaperekedwa ngati sayansi koma omwe samayankha njira yoyenera yofufuzira kapena sangatsimikizidwe ndi njira yasayansi. Mwachitsanzo: kutema mphini, kukhulupirira nyenyezi, kukhulupirira manambala, zakudya zamchere.
Ngakhale sayansi singakhale yabodza (siyingatsutsidwe), akatswiri onyenga amagwiritsa ntchito zomwe asayansi amateteza posankha omwe alibe zoyeserera zoyesera. Nthawi zambiri amakhala ovomerezeka ndi anthu, ngakhale nthawi zambiri amasowa maziko ndi malingaliro.
Mawu akuti pseudoscience amakhala ndi vuto, chifukwa akuwonetsa kuti china chake chikuwonetsedwa ngati sayansi pomwe sichoncho. Mwachitsanzo: pamlingo wamankhwala, pomwe zovuta zina zimaperekedwa chifukwa cha zochitika zina popanda kuvomerezedwa mwamphamvu.
Pali zitsanzo zambiri zamalangizo, njira, ndi malingaliro omwe amawerengedwa kuti ndiopusitsa. Amakhala otsatira padziko lonse lapansi.
- Itha kukuthandizani: Sayansi Yovomerezeka
Makhalidwe a pseudosciences
- Amalemba zochitika zosiyanasiyana m'moyo wamunthu ndipo zimakhazikitsidwa pazochita, zokumana nazo komanso zikhulupiriro.
- Ena amayesetsa kuyankha pazovuta kapena zovuta zamthupi kapena zamaganizidwe amunthu, ena amayesa kufotokoza zochitika zachilengedwe.
- Njira yasayansi singagwiritsidwe ntchito kwa iwo. Chidziwitso sichipezeka povomerezana ndi chongopeka ndipo zomwe amaphunzira sizingayesedwe pakasayansi kuti zitsimikizidwe.
- Amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito umboni wosankha.
- Iwo amadalira nkhani zauzimu kapena zakuthupi kuti achirikize malingaliro awo.
- Zina ndizokhazikitsidwa ndi zizolowezi kapena zikhalidwe zabwino zomwe zitha kukhala zabwino m'njira zina komanso kwa anthu ena.
- Sayenera kusokonezedwa ndi sayansi ndipo ndikofunikira kukhala ndi chidziwitso munthawi zonse kudziwa zotsatira zake ndi zotsatirapo zake.
- Zitha kuvulaza monga kusiya njira zochiritsira.
Pseudoscience vs. sayansi
Otsutsa a pseudosciences amanena kuti kuyesa mwadala kumayikidwa kuti apange zolemba zabodza ndi sayansi yotsimikizika chimodzimodzi. Mosiyana ndi sayansi, mu pseudoscience chinthu chomwecho chowerengera chimatha kuyankha mosiyana.
Mankhwala ndi sayansi yomwe imasinthasintha kwambiri ndi ma pseudosciences, chifukwa pali njira zingapo zochiritsira zomwe matenda ndi matenda amathandizidwa. Njira zambiri zochiritsira zili ndi malire ndi maziko komanso zimakopa chidwi cha omwe amawadya. Mwachitsanzo: khansa imachiritsa zochizira.
M'zaka zaposachedwa, maboma, mayunivesite ndi akatswiri asayansi amafalitsa zidziwitso ndi zidziwitso pakati pa anthu zakusiyana pakati pa sayansi ndi zabodza kuti anthu adziwe ndikusankha.
- Itha kukuthandizani: Empirical Science
Malingaliro achiwembu
Malingaliro achiwembu ndi malingaliro ena m'malo mwaboma omwe amati maboma ndi magulu azamphamvu amanyenga nzika pazinthu zina. Mwachitsanzo: kufika kwa munthu pamwezi, zotsatira za kugwiritsa ntchito katemera kapena kubisala kwa mankhwala a khansa.
Malingaliro abodzawa asayansi amapezeka mamankhwala ndi sayansi, ndipo avomerezedwa. Malingaliro ena onena za dziko lapansi ndi awa:
- Gulu Lapansi Lapansi. Limanena kuti Dziko Lapansi ndi lathyathyathya ndipo mawonekedwe ngati litayamba.
- Ufology. Amasanthula ma UFO ndikuwonetsetsa kuti magulu osiyanasiyana amatsutsa umboni woti akuwoneka.
- Kukhulupirira dziko lapansi lopanda pake. Ikutsimikizira kuti mkati mwa Dziko Lapansi muli zitukuko zapansi panthaka.
- Triangle ya Bermuda. Imatsimikizira kukhalapo kwa dera m'nyanja ya Atlantic komwe kumachitika zachilendo komanso zodabwitsa zam'madzi.
Zitsanzo za pseudosciences
- Kukhulupirira nyenyezi. Kuphunzira za ubale wapakati pa mapulaneti, nyenyezi, ma satelayiti ndi umunthu wa anthu.
- Zamoyo. Phunziro la mabwalo omwe amapezeka potseguka ndipo amakhala ndi ungwiro komanso mawonekedwe oyenerera.
- Cryptozoology. Kuphunzira za nyama zotchedwa zinsinsi, monga Loch Ness Monster kapena chupacabra.
- Kukhulupirira manambala. Kafukufuku wobisika wa manambala kuti adziwe momwe anthu amakhalira.
- Parapsychology Kafukufuku wazinthu zowonjezera pakati pa anthu amoyo, monga kuwerenga, kuwerenga, telekinesis.
- Kusanthula Maganizo. Phunziro lomwe limathandizira kufunikira kwa njira zomwe zimaponderezedwa mosazindikira ndikukhala mozungulira kapena mosazindikira.
- Dowsing. Kuwerenga zamakhalidwe omwe anthu ena amafunika kuwona pamagetsi amagetsi.
- Zojambulajambula. Kuphunzira umunthu wa phunzirolo powonera zolemba zake.
- Zamatsenga. Njira yomwe imafotokoza kuti zovuta zonse zamthupi zimatha kupezeka poyang'ana zosintha mtundu wa iris ya diso.
- Kufooketsa Tizilombo Toyambitsa Matenda. Njira yomwe imathandizira kuchiza matenda ena kudzera pakamwa pakumwa pang'ono kwa kukonzekera kwamaluso.
- Feng shui Njira yolumikizirana yomwe idakhazikitsidwa pazinthu zinayi (madzi, nthaka, moto, mpweya) molingana ndi mgwirizano wa nyumba inayake kapena malo oyendetsera mphamvu moyenera.
- Kuthira m'manja. Njira yowombezera potengera kuphunzira kwa mizere ya manja.
- Matenda achilengedwe. Njira yochizira matenda pogwiritsa ntchito maginito.
- Mankhwala Achijeremani Atsopano. Makhalidwe omwe amalonjeza kuchiza matenda ambiri.
Mfundo zabodza
- Kulimbitsa thupi. Chiphunzitso chomwe chimanena kuti kuchokera pa momwe thupi limakhalira ndizotheka kudziwa umunthu wawo.
- Phrenology. Chiphunzitso chomwe chimanena kuti mawonekedwe kapena luso linalake limapezeka mdera lina laubongo.
- Chiphunzitso cha ayezi wachilengedwe. Chiphunzitso chomwe chimanena kuti ayezi ndiye maziko azinthu zonse m'chilengedwe.
- Mwezi wachiwiri. Chiphunzitso chomwe chimatsimikizira kukhalapo kwa mwezi wachiwiri womwe uli pamtunda wa makilomita 3,570 kutali ndi Dziko Lapansi.
- Chilengedwe. Chiphunzitso chomwe chimatsimikizira kuti chilengedwe chidalengedwa ndi Mulungu.
- Umunthu. Chiphunzitso chomwe chimanena kuti mawonekedwe a nkhope yamunthu atha kukhala chisonyezo chamakhalidwe omwe ali nawo.
- Tsatirani ndi: Scientific Revolutions
