Zamkati
Pulogalamu ya zitsulo zosakaniza (yemwenso amadziwika kuti okusayidi zofunika) ali mankhwala omwe amachokera pakuphatikizana kwachitsulo ndi mpweya, ndikudziwika kogwirizanitsidwa ndi chiyanjano chotchedwa zamanyazi.
Nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mawonekedwe olimba komanso okhala ndi mfundo kusakanikirana okwera kwambiri (ndendende zomwe ndizofanana nawo, mosiyana ndi ma okosijeni osakhala achitsulo omwe ali ndi otsika kwambiri).
Pulogalamu ya zitsulo zosakaniza nthawi zambiri amakhala crystalline komanso osungunuka pang'ono pamadzi. Ma oxide achitsulo ndi abwino oyendetsa Kutentha ndi magetsi, ndichifukwa chake amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu izi.
Pakapangidwe kake ndizophatikiza zachitsulo ndi mpweya, womalizirayu akuchita ndi nambala ya okosijeni -2.Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kukumbukiranso zazitsulo zazitsulo zomwe zimalowererapo poyankha limodzi ndi mpweya, kuti mukhale ndi lingaliro la ma atomu angati a elementi omwe adzafunikire kusinthana nawo atomu iliyonse wa mpweya.
- Onaninso: Zitsanzo za makutidwe ndi okosijeni
Nomenclature yama oxide azitsulo
Ma oxide amtunduwu amakhala ndi tanthauzo makamaka kuchipembedzo chawo, kuyambira Sizovuta kutchula aliyense chifukwa zinthu zomwezo nthawi zina zimakhala ndi manambala osiyana a okosijeni.. Zikakhala kuti gawo lowonjezera la oxygen limakhala ndi nambala imodzi ya okosijeni, njira yachikhalidwe yotchulira izi idzakhala 'oxide ya (ndi chinthu chofananira)'.
Pamene chinthucho chili ndi manambala awiri a okosijeni, adzatchedwa oxide (ndi chinthu chofanana, ndi kutha kwa 'chimbalangondo'Ngati nambala ya okosijeni yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndiyotsika, ndipo'ico'Chiwerengero chikachuluka). Pomaliza, ngati chinthucho chili ndi manambala opitilira okosijeni opitilira awiri (atha kukhala ndi anayi) kuchuluka kwa ma valence kumawonedwa ndipo kutha kwa -ico, -oso, hypo-bear, kapena per-ico kumawonjezekanso. Awa ndiwo mayina azikhalidwe, komabe pali njira zina monga kuchuluka kwa masheya kapena atomiki.
Zitsanzo zama oxide oyambira kapena achitsulo
- Cuprous okusayidi (Cu2KAPENA). Izi okusayidi mkuwa ndi sungasungunuke m'madzi ndi solvents organic.
- Cupric okusayidi (CuO). Ndi oxide yamkuwa yokhala ndi nambala yochulukirapo kwambiri. Monga mchere amadziwika kuti tenorite.
- Cobaltous okusayidi(CoO). Ndi monoxide wosapanga kanthu wokhala ndi wobiriwira wa azitona kapena mawonekedwe ofiira mawonekedwe ake amchere.
- Auric okusayidi (Au2KAPENA3). Ndiwo oxide wagolide wolimba kwambiri. Ili ndi utoto wofiyira, ndipo siyimasulika m'madzi.
- Okusayidi titaniyamu (Amalume2). Amapezeka mwachilengedwe m'maminera ena, mozungulira. Ndiotsika mtengo, wotetezeka, komanso wochuluka.
- Zinc oxide (ZnKAPENA). Ndi gulu loyera, lomwe limatchedwanso kuti zinc yoyera. Imasungunuka pang'ono m'madzi koma imasungunuka kwambiri mu zidulo.
- Faifi tambala (Palibe2KAPENA3). Ndi gulu la faifi tambala (ili ndi faifi tambala 77% momwe imapangidwira). Amadziwikanso kuti black nickel oxide.
- Siliva okusayidi (Ag2KAPENA). Mgwirizanowu ndi ufa wabwino wakuda kapena wabulauni womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza mankhwala ena a siliva.
- Mpweya wa oxide (HgO). Okusayidi ya Mercury (II) ndiphatikizanso yomwe imakhala ndi lalanje kapena yofiira, imakhazikika pamalo otentha.
- Chromic okusayidi (CRO). Ndi chromium ndi oxygen.
- Barium okusayidi (Mtengo).
- Chromic okusayidi (Kr2KAPENA3). Ndi mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati pigment, chromium wobiriwira.
- Dzimbiri (PbO). Ndi mtundu wa lalanje umagwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza mu ziwiya zadothi komanso m'makampani opanga mankhwala.
- Mafuta a permanganic.
- Feri oxide (Wonyansa)
- Ferric okusayidi (Chikhulupiriro2KAPENA3)
- Kashiamu okusayidi (CaO)
- Lifiyamu okusayidi (Li2KAPENA).
- Stannous okusayidi (SnO).
- Stannic okusayidi (SnO2).
Amatha kukutumikirani:
- Zitsanzo za Oxides
- Zitsanzo za Basic oxides
- Zitsanzo za Acid oxides
- Zitsanzo za Non-Metallic oxides
