Zitsulo ndi Nonmetals

Zamkati

• Kusiyana pakati pazitsulo ndi zosakhala zachitsulo
• Zitsanzo zazitsulo
• Zitsanzo zosakhala zazitsulo

Zinthu zonse zodziwika zimapangidwa maatomu, kuchokera ku 112 zinthu zamagulu omwe amapanga tebulo la nthawi. Zinthu izi ndizogawika, kutengera mtundu wawo ndi katundu wawo, mu zitsulo ndi sanali zitsulo.

Zinthu 25 zokha 112 ndizazitsulo, zomwe zimakonda kubwera kuchokera mchere komanso ndimagetsi ndimayendedwe omwe amaphunziridwa bwino ndimagulu amadzimadzi. Kumbali ina, zinthu zina zonse, zomwe sizitsulo, ndizofunikira pamoyo ndikupanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazinthu zachilengedwe.

Kusiyana pakati pazitsulo ndi zosakhala zachitsulo

Zitsulo ndi sanali zitsulo amadziwika ndizofunikira zawo ndi mitundu yawo yazomwe zingachitike.

• Pulogalamu ya zitsulo kupatula mercury, zolimba kutentha. Ndi zonyezimira, zocheperako kapena zochepa ductile ndi malleable, ndipo ndi abwino ochititsa magetsi ndi kutentha. Polumikizana ndi oxygen kapena zidulo, zimakulitsa ndi kuwononga (kutayika kwama elekitironi) popeza zigawo zake zakunja zimakhala ndi ma elekitironi ochepa (3 kapena ochepera).
• Pulogalamu ya palibe zitsulo, m'malo mwake, nthawi zambiri amakhala oyendetsa magetsi ndi kutentha, wa mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana komanso malo osungunuka amakhala pansi pamiyala. Zambiri zimangopezeka mu biatomic (molekyulu), zimatha kukhala zofewa ngati sulufule kapena zolimba ngati daimondi, ndipo zimapezeka mzigawo zitatu izi: gaseous, madzi ndi olimba. Kuphatikiza apo, mawonekedwe awo samakonda kuwunikira ndipo amatha kukhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana.

Pomaliza, zinthu zachitsulo nthawi zambiri zimalumikizidwa ndimayendedwe amagetsi (ma ion ounikira), pomwe zinthu zosakhala zachitsulo zimapanga ma molekyulu osiyanasiyana molumikizana (hydrogen, peptide, etc.). Chifukwa chake umagwirira organic kapena moyo ndi womwewo, ngakhale matupi amoyo amapangidwa ndi mitundu iwiri yonse yazinthu.

Zitsanzo zazitsulo

1. Iron (Fe). Amatchedwanso chitsuloNdi chimodzi mwazitsulo zambiri padziko lapansi, zomwe zimapanga mtima weniweni wa dziko lapansi, momwe limakhalira madzi. Malo ake owoneka bwino kwambiri, kupatula kulimba kwake ndi kuwuma, ndi mphamvu yake yayikulu ya ferromagnetic. Mwakulumikiza ndi kaboni ndizotheka kupeza chitsulo.
2. Magnesium (Mg). Chigawo chachitatu chodzala kwambiri padziko lapansi, ponseponse komanso kusungunuka kwake munyanja, sichimapezeka konse m'chilengedwe dziko loyera, koma ngati ayoni m'mchere. Ndikofunikira pamoyo, wogwiritsa ntchito ma alloys komanso woyaka kwambiri.
3. Golide (Au). Chitsulo chowala, chofewa chachikaso chosagwirizana ndi ambiri mankhwala mankhwala kupatula cyanide, mercury, chlorine, ndi bleach. M'mbiri yonse idakhala ndi gawo lofunikira pachikhalidwe cha anthu pachuma, monga chizindikiro cha chuma komanso kuthandizira ndalama.
4. Siliva (Ag). Zina mwazitsulo zamtengo wapatali ndi zoyera, zowala, zopindika komanso zosalala, zimapezeka m'chilengedwe ngati gawo lamchere kapena mapesi oyera, chifukwa ndizofala kwambiri padzikoli. Ndi woyendetsa bwino kwambiri kutentha ndi magetsi odziwika.
5. Zotayidwa (Al). Chitsulo chowala kwambiri, chosapanga ferromagnetic, chachitatu kwambiri padziko lapansi. Amayamikiridwa kwambiri pamalonda a mafakitale ndi chitsulo ndi chitsulo, chifukwa kudzera muzitsulo ndizotheka kupeza mitundu yotsutsana kwambiri koma yomwe imagwiritsabe ntchito mosiyanasiyana. Ali ndi otsika kachulukidwe ndi bwino kukana dzimbiri.
6. Faifi tambala (Ni). Zitsulo zoyera kwambiri ductile ndipo imatha kupindika, kondakitala wabwino wamagetsi ndi kutentha, komanso kukhala ferromagnetic. Ndi imodzi mwazitsulo zolimba, komanso iridium, osmium, ndi iron. Ndikofunikira pamoyo, monga gawo limodzi mwa ambiri michere ndipo mapuloteni.
7. Nthaka (Zn). Ndi chitsulo chosinthika chofanana ndi cadmium ndi magnesium, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira zinthu, ndiye kuti, zotchinga zoteteza zitsulo zina. Ndi kugonjetsedwa kwambiri mapindikidwe ozizira pulasitiki, nchifukwa chake ntchito pamwamba 100 ° C.
8. Mtsogoleri (Pb). Chokhacho chomwe chitha kuletsa kutulutsa ma radioactis ndikutsogolera. Ndi chinthu china, makamaka chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwa ma molekyulu, kusungunuka kosavuta komanso kukana kwa ma asidi amphamvu monga sulfuric kapena hydrochloric.
9. Tini (Sn). Chitsulo cholemera komanso chosavuta makutidwe ndi okosijeni, Amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'ma alloys ambiri kuti athe kukana kutupa. Ikapindika, imatulutsa mawu osiyana kwambiri omwe amatchedwa "maliro."
10. Sodium (Na). Sodium ndi chitsulo chosalala, chopangidwa ndi alkali chomwe chimapezeka mumchere wamchere komanso mu halite wamchere. Imagwira bwino kwambiri, imakhala ndi oxidizable, ndipo imakhala ndi nkhanza zosakanikirana ndi madzi. Ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri m'zinthu zamoyo.

Zitsanzo zosakhala zazitsulo

1. Hydrojeni (H). Chofala kwambiri komanso chochuluka mlengalenga, ndi mpweya womwe umapezeka mlengalenga (monga molekyulu ya diatomic H₂) kukhala gawo la ambiri mankhwala organic, komanso kuyaka ndi kusakanikirana mumtima mwa nyenyezi. Ndichinthu chopepuka kwambiri, chopanda fungo, chopanda utoto komanso chosasungunuka m'madzi.
2. Mpweya (O). Wofunikira pamoyo ndipo nyama zimagwiritsa ntchito pochita kupezera mphamvu (mpweya), mpweya uwu (O₂mawonekedwe otakasuka kwambiri okusayidi ndi pafupifupi zinthu zonse za tebulo la periodic kupatula mpweya wabwino. Amapanga pafupifupi theka la kulemera kwa nthaka ndipo ndikofunikira pakuwonekera kwa madzi (H₂KAPENA).
3. Mpweya (C). Chigawo chapakati cha zamoyo zonse, chofala kuzinthu zonse zodziwika bwino komanso gawo la zinthu zopitilira 16 miliyoni zomwe zimafunikira. Amapezeka m'chilengedwe m'njira zitatu zosiyanasiyana: kaboni, graphite, ndi diamondi, zomwe zimakhala ndi ma atomu ofanana, koma zimakonzedwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Pamodzi ndi mpweya umapanga mpweya woipa (CO₂) zofunikira pa photosynthesis.
4. Sulfa (S). Chofewa, chodzaza ndi fungo labwino, chimakhala chofala pantchito pafupifupi zamoyo zonse, komanso zochuluka zamalo ophulika. Wachikasu komanso wosasungunuka m'madzi, ndikofunikira pamoyo wachilengedwe komanso wothandiza kwambiri pamafakitale.
5. Phosphorus (P). Ngakhale sanakhaleko m'chilengedwe, ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri pazambiri zamagulu ndi zamoyomonga DNA ndi RNA, kapena ATP. Imagwira kwambiri ndipo ikakumana ndi mpweya imatulutsa kuwala.
6. Mavitamini (N). Nthawi zambiri mpweya wa diatomic (N₂) yomwe imapanga 78% ya mpweya m'mlengalenga ndipo imapezeka muzinthu zambiri zam'madzi monga ammonia (NH₃), ngakhale ndi mpweya wotsika poyerekeza ndi hydrogen kapena oxygen.
7. Helium (Iye). Chinthu chachiwiri chomwe chimapezeka pafupipafupi m'chilengedwe chonse, makamaka chifukwa cha kusakanikirana kwa hydrogen, komwe kumachokera zinthu zolemetsa. Ndi za Mpweya wabwinondiye kuti, za zero reactivity, zopanda mtundu, zopanda fungo komanso zowala kwambiri, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati kutchinjiriza kapena ngati firiji, momwe imakhalira madzi.
8. Mankhwala (Cl). Chlorine mu mawonekedwe ake oyera ndi mpweya wakupha kwambiri wachikasu (Cl) wokhala ndi fungo losasangalatsa. Komabe, ndizochuluka kwambiri m'chilengedwe ndipo ndi gawo lazinthu zambiri zachilengedwe, zomwe zambiri ndizofunikira pamoyo. Pamodzi ndi hydrogen, imapanga hydrochloric acid (HCl), imodzi mwamphamvu kwambiri yomwe ilipo.
9. Ayodini (I). Chimodzi mwa gulu la ma halojeni, sichimagwira mwamphamvu komanso chimagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi, ngakhale chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala, zaluso zakujambula komanso ngati chowala. Ngakhale sichikhala chitsulo, chimakhala ndi zida zazitsulo ndipo chimagwira mankhwala a mercury ndi sulfure.
10. Selenium (Se). Osasungunuka m'madzi ndi mowa, koma osungunuka mu ether ndi carbon disulfide, chinthuchi chimakhala ndi zithunzi zamagetsi (chimasintha kuwala kukhala magetsi) ndipo ndichofunikira pakupanga magalasi. Komanso ndi chopatsa thanzi chamtundu uliwonse wamoyo, wofunikira kwa amino acid ambiri ndipo amapezeka muzakudya zambiri.