Zitsanzo za Zakudya Zam'madzi (ndi ntchito yake) - Encyclopedia

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Zitsanzo za chakudya ndi magwiridwe ake

Pulogalamu ya chakudya, wodziwika kuti chakudya kapena chakudya, ndiwo ma biomolecule ofunikira kuti apereke mphamvu kwa zamoyo mwachangu komanso mwadongosolo, ndichifukwa chake amapezeka pakupanga kwa zomera, nyama komanso bowa.

Pulogalamu ya chakudya apangidwa ndi kuphatikiza ma atomiki Mpweya, Hydrogen ndi Oxygen, wopangidwa mu unyolo wa kaboni ndi magulu osiyanasiyana ogwira ntchito, monga carbonyl kapena hydroxyl.

Chifukwa chake teremu "Zakudya" sizolondola kwenikweni, popeza si funso la ma molekyulu a kaboni, koma kuti limakhalabe chifukwa chofunikira pakupeza izi mtundu wa mankhwala. Nthawi zambiri amatchedwa shuga, saccharides, kapena chakudya.

Pulogalamu ya ma cell a chakudya ndi amphamvu komanso olimba mtima (a mtundu covalent), ndichifukwa chake amapanga mawonekedwe osungira mphamvu mwazinthu zamoyo, ndikupanga gawo la ma biomolecule akulu monga mapuloteni kapena lipids. Mofananamo, ena mwa iwo amapanga gawo lofunikira pamakoma azomera zazomera ndi cuticle ya arthropods.

Onaninso: Zitsanzo za Zakudya Zam'madzi

Zakudya zamadzimadzi zimagawidwa mu:

Monosaccharides. Wopangidwa ndi molekyulu imodzi ya shuga.
Kutulutsa. Opangidwa ndi mamolekyulu awiri a shuga limodzi.
Oligosaccharides. Amapangidwa ndi mamolekyulu atatu mpaka asanu ndi anayi a shuga.
Kuthamangitsidwa. Maunyolo a shuga okhalitsa omwe amakhala ndi mamolekyulu angapo ndipo ndi ofunikira ma polima opangidwa kuti apange kapangidwe kake kapena kusungira mphamvu.

Zitsanzo za chakudya ndi magwiridwe ake

Shuga. Molekyulu ya Isomeric (yopangidwa ndi zinthu zomwezo koma zomangamanga zosiyana) za fructose, ndiye chinthu chochulukirapo kwambiri m'chilengedwe, chifukwa ndiye gwero lalikulu lamphamvu pamasamba am'manja (kudzera munjira yake yamadzimadzi).
Ribose. Mmodzi mwa mamolekyulu ofunikira pamoyo, ndi gawo limodzi mwazinthu zomangira monga ATP (adenosine triphosphate) kapena RNA (ribonucleic acid), yofunikira pakupanga maselo.
Kutumizidwa. Kusintha kwa gulu la hydroxyl ndi atomu ya haidrojeni kumalola kuti ribose isandulike kukhala deoxysugar, yomwe ndikofunikira kuphatikizira ma nucleotide omwe amapanga maunyolo a DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) komwe kumapezeka zidziwitso za amoyo.
Fructose. Ili mu zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba, ndi molekyulu ya mlongo ya shuga, yomwe amapangira shuga wamba.
Glyceraldehyde. Ndi shuga woyamba wa monosaccharide wopezeka ndi photosynthesis, nthawi yamdima (kayendedwe ka Calvin). Ndi gawo lapakatikati m'njira zingapo zamagulu amtundu wa shuga.
Galactose. Shuga wosavuta uyu amasandulika shuga m'chiwindi, chifukwa chake amatumizira mphamvu. Pamodzi ndi izi, imapanganso lactose mkaka.
Glycogen. Osasungunuka m'madzi, malo osungira mphamvu oterewa polysaccharide amakhala ndi minofu yambiri, komanso pang'ono pamtundu wa chiwindi ngakhalenso ubongo. Nthawi zina pamafunika mphamvu, thupi limasungunuka ndi hydrolysis kukhala shuga watsopano kuti udye.
Lactose. Wopangidwa ndi mgwirizano wa galactose ndi shuga, ndiye shuga wofunikira mkaka ndi zopatsa mkaka (tchizi, yogurt).
Eritrosa. Ipezeka mu njira ya photosynthetic, imakhalapo mwachilengedwe monga D-erythrose. Ndi shuga wosungunuka kwambiri wowoneka bwino.
Mapadi. Yopangidwa ndi magawo a glucose, ndiye biopolymer wochuluka kwambiri padziko lapansi, komanso chitin. Ulusi wazipupa zamakina azomera zimapangidwa ndi iwo, kuwachirikiza, ndipo ndizopangira pepala.
Wowuma. Monga momwe glycogen amasungira nyama, wowuma amathandizira masamba. Ndi mulonda ya polysaccharides monga amylose ndi amylopectin, ndipo ndi gwero lamphamvu lomwe anthu amadya kwambiri pakudya kwawo pafupipafupi.

Chitin. Zomwe cellulose imachita m'maselo obzala, chitin imachita bowa ndi arthropods, kuwapatsa mphamvu (exoskeleton).
Fucosa: Monosaccharide yomwe imagwira ngati nangula wamaunyolo a shuga ndipo ndiyofunikira pakuphatikizira kwa fucoidin, polysaccharide yogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala.
Ramnosa. Dzinalo limachokera pachomera chomwe chidatulutsidwa koyamba (Rhamnus fragula), ndi gawo la pectin ndi ma polima ena azomera, komanso tizilombo monga mycobacteria.
Glucosamine. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chowonjezera pazakudya pochiza matenda a rheumatic, amino-shuga uyu ndiye monosaccharide wochuluka kwambiri yemwe alipo, omwe amapezeka m'makoma a fungi ndi zipolopolo za nyamakazi.
Saccharose. Amadziwikanso kuti shuga wamba, amapezeka mwachilengedwe (uchi, chimanga, nzimbe, beets). Ndipo ndiye chotsekemera chofala kwambiri m'zakudya za anthu.
Stachyose. Osasinkhasinkha kwathunthu ndi anthu, ndi mankhwala a tetrasaccharide ogwirizana a glucose, galactose ndi fructose, omwe amapezeka m'masamba ndi zomera zambiri. Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zotsekemera zachilengedwe.
Cellobiose. Shuga wowirikiza (maglucose awiri) omwe amapezeka pakatayika madzi kuchokera ku selulosi (hydrolysis). Sali mfulu mwachilengedwe.
Matosa. Shuga wamchere, wopangidwa ndi mamolekyulu awiri a shuga, amakhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu kwambiri (ndi glycemic), ndipo amachokera ku mbewu za barele, kapena hydrolysis ya starch ndi glycogen.
Psycho. Monosaccharide yosaoneka bwino m'chilengedwe, imatha kupatulidwa kuchokera ku ma antibiotic psychofuranin.Amapereka mphamvu zochepa kuposa sucrose (0.3%), ndichifukwa chake amafufuzidwa ngati cholowa m'malo mwazakudya pochiza matenda a glycemic and lipid.