Zamkati
Pulogalamu ya alkanes ndi gulu la ma hydrocarbon omwe mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya maatomu a kaboni amalumikizidwa pamodzi ndi maubale amodzi, ngati mafupa, ndipo atomu iliyonse ya kaboni imalumikizidwanso maatomu a haidrojeni, yomwe pamapeto pake idzalowe m'malo mwa ina maatomu kapena magulu a mankhwala.
Mlingo wa alkanes ndi C.nH2n + 2, pomwe C imayimira kaboni, H imayimira hydrogen ndipo n imayimira kuchuluka kwa maatomu a kaboni. Alkanes ndi ma hydrocarboni odzaza. Kuti tiwatchule mayinawo, "suffix"-chaka”.
Itha kukutumikirani:
- Zitsanzo za Alkynes
- Zitsanzo za Alkenes
Gulu
Pakati pa alkanes, magulu awiri akulu nthawi zambiri amadziwika ndi kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pawo: unyolo wotseguka (amatchedwanso acyclic) ndi unyolo wotsekedwa (kapena kuzungulira).
Pamene mankhwala osakanikirana samapereka cholowa m'malo mwa ma hydrogen omwe amatsatira atomu iliyonse ya kaboni, amatchedwa alkanes ofanana: awa ndi ma alkanes osavuta. Akapereka choloweza m'malo, amatchedwa alkanes nthambi. Malo obwera m'malo ambiri ndi magulu a hydroxyl ndi methyl, ndi ma halojeni.
Kumbali inayi, pali zophatikizika ndi kuzungulira kamodzi mumolekyulu ndi zina zokhala ndi zingapo; amatchedwa monocyclic ndi polycyclic, motsatana. Ma cyclic alkanes atha kukhala kutuloji kapena chopanda mphamvu.
- Zakale zimapangidwa ndikulowererapo kwamaatomu a kaboni.
- M'mbuyomu, ma atomu ena amatenga nawo gawo, mwachitsanzo, oxygen kapena sulfure.
Katundu thupi
Mwambiri, mawonekedwe amtundu wa ma alkanes amakonzedwa ndi misa molekyulu (iwonso amalumikizidwa ndi kutalika). Omwe ali ndi ma carbons ochepa kwambiri ali gaseous kutentha, kutentha kwa ma atomu 5 mpaka 18 ndi zamadzimadzi, ndipo pamwamba pa nambalayi pali olimba (yofanana ndi sera).
Kukhala wandiweyani kuposa madzi, amakonda kuyandama pamwamba pake. Mwambiri, ma alkanes amasungunuka m'madzi ndipo amasungunuka m'madzi osungunulira. Amapereka mphamvu zowonjezera.
Pulogalamu ya alkanes amadziwika ndi kukhala mankhwala a kwambirikuyambiranso kosauka, ndichifukwa chake amadziwikanso kuti "parafini" (m'Chilatini, parum affinis amatanthauza "kuyanjana pang'ono"). Njira yofunikira kwambiri yomwe ma alkanes amatha kuyendera ndi kuyaka, kupanga kutentha, kaboni dayokisaidi ndi madzi pamaso pa mpweya.
Alkanes ndiye maziko azinthu zosiyanasiyana zofunikira zomwe zimakhudzana ndi njira zofunikira kwambiri zamafuta, pokhala mafuta amwambo kwambiri. Amawonekeranso ngati zinthu zomalizira za zinthu monga methanogenic Fermentation yochitidwa ndi ena tizilombo.
Zitsanzo za ma alkanes
Tidzatchula ma alkanes makumi awiri, kuphatikiza ena odziwika bwino ndi ma nthambi, kumapeto kwa mndandandandawo:
- Chloroform (dzina lokongola la trichloromethane; CHCl3) - nthunzi za chinthuchi zidagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala oletsa kupweteka m'mbuyomu. Zatha chifukwa chaichi chifukwa zapezeka kuti zimawononga ziwalo zofunika, monga chiwindi kapena impso. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwake lero makamaka ngati zosungunulira kapena zozizira.
- Methane (CH4) - iyi ndi alkane yosavuta kuposa zonse: imapangidwa ndi atomu imodzi yokha ya kaboni ndi ma hydrogen anayi. Ndi mpweya womwe umachitika mwachilengedwe ndikuwonongeka kwamagawo osiyanasiyana, ndipo ndiye gawo lalikulu la gasi. M'zaka zaposachedwa awonedwa kuti ndi umodzi mwamipweya yomwe imathandizira kwambiri pazomwe zimatchedwa kuti kutentha.
- Octane (C.8H18) - iyi ndi kaboni alkane eyiti ndipo ndiyofunika kwambiri chifukwa imatsimikizira mtundu womaliza wa naphthas, womwe ndi chisakanizo cha ma hydrocarboni osiyanasiyana. Mtunduwu umayesedwa ndi nambala ya octane kapena octane yamafuta, omwe amatenga ngati otsitsira otsika (index 100) komanso owonetsetsa kwambiri (index 0).
- Hexane (C.6H14) - ndichosungunulira chofunikira, kupumira mpweya kuyenera kupewedwa, chifukwa ndi kowopsa.
- Butane (C.4H10) - pamodzi ndi propane (C.3H8), amapanga omwe amatchedwa kuti liquefied petroleum gases (LPG), omwe amapangidwa m'matumba a gasi panthawi yopanga mafuta. Kubwezeretsa mafuta kapena dizilo ndi LPG ngati mafuta kukukulirakulirabe, chifukwa ndi hydrocarbon yosasamala zachilengedwe potulutsa kaboni dayokisaidi ndi madzi poyaka kwake.
- Icosano - ndicho chomwe makumi awiri-kaboni alkane amatchedwa (dzina loyambirira 'ico' limatanthauza makumi awiri)
- Mphepo yamkuntho - kale ankagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala oletsa ululu
- n heptane - Alkane iyi ndi yomwe imatengedwa kuti ikunena za zero zero ya mafuta, yomwe siyabwino kwenikweni, chifukwa imayaka kwambiri. Amapezeka kuchokera ku utomoni wa zomera zina.
- 3-ethyl-2,3-dimethylpentane (C.9H20)
- 2-methylbutane
- 3-chloro-4-n-propylheptane
- 3,4,6-trimethyl heptane
- 1-phenyl 1-bromoethane
- 3-ethyl-4-methylhexane
- 5-isopropyl-3-methylnonane
- njinga yamoto
- 1-bromopropane
- 3-methyl-5-n-propyloctane
- 5-n-butyl-4,7-diethyldecane
- 3,3-dimethyl decane
Itha kukutumikirani:Zitsanzo za ma Hydrocarbon
