Zitsanzo za Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mafuta - Encyclopedia

Kanema: Yesani mafuta ofunikira ofunikira, ntchito yonyowa

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Magulu amafuta
Zitsanzo za mafuta

Pulogalamu ya Mafuta ndi kusakanizazovuta,wandiweyani komanso bituminouswa ma hydrocarboni, zopangidwa chifukwa chadothi komanso kusinthika kwakale zakuthupi, kwa zaka mazana ambiri akukumana ndi mavuto aakulu ndi kutentha m'nthaka. Malo omwe mafuta amapeza amapezeka kuti amadziwika ngati minda yamafuta.

Zili pafupi chinthu choyaka moto chokhala ndi mphamvu zamtundu wa caloric komanso mafakitale ambiri, makamaka pakupanga mphamvu ndi zinthu zopangidwa m'malo osiyanasiyana opangira. Njira yosinthira mafuta osakira kukhala zinthu zina zodziwika imadziwika kuti kuyenga ndipo zimachitika m'malo oyeretsera.

Kufunika kwamafuta pamalonda ndi kwakukulu kwambiri kwakuti masiku ano Kusintha kwa mitengo yosakongola kumatha kukhudza chuma chathunthu ndikuchepetsa ndalama padziko lonse lapansi mwanjira ina..

Popeza ndi zachilengedwe zosasinthika, malo osungira mafuta padziko lonse akuyerekezedwa kuti ndi matani mamiliyoni 143,000, ogawidwa mosagwirizana m'makontinenti asanu: Venezuela ili ndi nkhokwe zazikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi, makamaka pansi pa mtsinje wa Orinoco komanso pansi pa Nyanja ya Maracaibo; Middle East ndi yachiwiri ndipo Mexico, Canada, Argentina ndi Brazil ndi yachitatu.

Pulogalamu ya Mafuta, pafupi ndi Malasha ndipo ma hydrocarboni ena ofanana amapanga otchedwa mafuta.

Magulu amafuta

Mitundu yamafuta yomwe ilipo nthawi zambiri imasiyanitsidwa ndi mphamvu yokoka ya API kapena madigiri a API, kuchuluka kwake kocheperako poyerekeza ndi madzi. Pali mitundu inayi ya mafuta "osakonzeka", ndiye kuti, osafotokozedwanso, malinga ndi muyeso uwu:

Kuwala kapena kuwala kosalala. Ili ndi 31.1 ° pamlingo wa API kapena kupitilira apo.
Yapakatikati kapena yapakatikati yosakongola. Ili ndi API pakati pa 22.3 ndi 31.1 °.
Mafuta olemera. Mphamvu yokoka pakati pa 10 ndi 22.3 ° API.
Zowonjezera zopanda pake. Mphamvu yokoka yochepera 10 ° API.

A) Inde, mafuta akakhala owopsa, pamafunika khama kuti achotse ndipo chodula kwambiri ndi ntchito yopanga zopanda pake.

Zitsanzo za mafuta

Kupeza mafuta. M'modzi mwa mafuta Chofunikira kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi ndi mafuta m'mitundu yake ingapo yama octeni, chifukwa ndi yomwe imapereka magwiridwe antchito poyerekeza poyerekeza ndi zinthu zina zoyaka, zomwe zimakhudza kutulutsa kwa zinyalala zakupha ndi mpweya womwe umathandizira kusintha kwa nyengo. Ngakhale zili choncho, kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwake kwa magalimoto oyaka mkati ndikochuluka kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi kotero kuti njira zachilengedwe komanso zachuma m'malo mofunira mafuta zikuchitika kale.
Kupanga mapulasitiki. Mapulasitiki ali ma polima Zopangira zomwe zimapangidwa kuchokera ku kaphatikizidwe ka mankhwala opangidwa kuchokera ku mafuta, chifukwa chophatikizika, kuwumba ndi kuzizira kwawo, njira yomwe imawapatsa mawonekedwe awo ambiri komanso kukana kwawo kuwonongeka kwa thupi. Ndiwothandiza kwambiri ndipo amafunidwa ndi mafakitale osatha, omwe amapangidwa kuchokera kuzinthu zamtunduwu kuchokera kuzoseweretsa, zotengera, zida ndi ziwiya, kupita ku ma prosthetics azachipatala ndi zida zina zopangira makina.
Kupanga magetsi. Popeza kuthekera kwake kwakukulu kuyaka, Mafuta ndi zinthu zina zambiri zomwe zimayaka moto amagwiritsidwa ntchito kudyetsa zithupsa zazomera zopangira magetsi. Pamodzi ndi malasha, kusintha kwa zida za nyukiliya komanso magetsi, mafuta ndi gawo lamphamvu zamagetsi zomwe zilipo pano, chifukwa ndimagetsi omwe amapanga zida zopanda malire padziko lapansi zimatha kuyendetsedwa.
Kutentha kwapakhomo. Ngakhale pali zida zotenthetsera zigawo zomwe zimagwira ntchito chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito magetsi osati zinthu zomwe zimayaka, ndizotheka kupeza ambiri omwe kutentha kwawo kumayaka ngati kuyaka kwanthawi zonse, monga gasi (makamaka butane ndi propane omwe amapezeka mafuta distillation). Zomalizazi, zimathandizidwanso kudzera pamagalasi kapena mapaipi kuti zipatse mphamvu kukhitchini ndi zotenthetsera madzi m'nyumba za anthu.
Kupanga nayiloni. Ndizowona kuti nayiloni idapangidwa kale kuchokera ku utomoni wachilengedwe, koma lero ndiosavuta komanso wotsika mtengo kuupeza kuchokera ku benzene ndi ma hydrocarbon ena onunkhira (cyclohexanes) omwe amachokera ku kuyenga kwa mafuta.
Kupanga kwa acetonendi phenol. Acetone ndi ena zosungunulira Pakadali pano imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zotsukira, zochotsa misomali ndi zinthu zina zamtunduwu, zimapangidwa mosavuta kuchokera ku ma hydrocarboni onunkhira mu petroleum, makamaka cumene (isopropylbenzene). Izi zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati zolowetsera m'makampani opanga mankhwala.
Kupeza palafini. Mafutawa, omwe amatchedwanso palafini kapena canfin, amapezeka kudzera mu distillation ya mafuta ndipo amakhala ndi mphamvu yapakatikati pakati pa mafuta ndi dizilo. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mafuta m'magetsi a gasi ndi injini za jet, pokonzekera zosungunulira kapena potenthetsa. Poyamba inali ndi malo ofunikira pobadwa kuyatsa pagulu m'mizinda, isanapangidwe ndi mpweya kenako magetsi. Nyali za palafini zikugulitsabe.
Kupeza phula. Amadziwikanso kuti phula, ichi ndi chosakanikirana, chowoneka bwino, chotuwa ndi grey chomwe chimapanga kachigawo kakang'ono kwambiri ka mafuta osakongola. Ndiye kuti, mafuta akangotayidwa ndikupangira mafuta ndi zolowera, zotsala ndi phula. Pokhala osasungunuka m'madzi, amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zokutira pamiyeso yamadzi komanso ngati chomangirira pomanga misewu yayikulu, misewu ndi ntchito zina zomanga.
Kupanga tar. Tar ndi chinthu cholimba, chamdima, chowoneka bwino komanso chofukiza mwamphamvu, chopangidwa ndi distillation yowononga ya zinthu monga malasha, nkhalango zina zotulutsa utoto, mchere komanso mafuta. Ndi chisakanizo cha zinthu zomwe zimapangidwa kuchokera ku malasha kapena mafuta ndizowopsa kwambiri komanso zimayambitsa khansa. Ngakhale zili choncho, ili ndi mafakitale osiyanasiyana, utoto, utomoni wa mafakitole, ndi mitundu ina yoopsa kwambiri yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'makampani a sopo ndi fodya.
Kupeza ma olefini opepuka. Ethylene, propylene ndi butene amatchedwa chonchi, zinthu zomwe zimapezeka mukamayenga mafuta ndipo zimapereka zida zofunikira kumafakitole osafanana ndi mankhwala, kupanga mawilo amgalimoto, mapulasitiki ndi ulusi wopangira wa nsalu.
Kupanga feteleza. Zambiri mwazinthu zopangidwa ndi mafakitale a petrochemical ndizopanga nitrogenous kapena sulphated zomwe, zowonjezeredwa m'nthaka, zimapatsa chomera chofunikira chopatsa thanzi. Manyowawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito paulimi komanso poyesa kwachilengedwe.
Kupanga mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi herbicides. Anzake aulimi a feteleza, mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo pofuna kuthana ndi tizilombo, bowa, zitsamba zam'madzi ndi zopinga zina pakupanga ulimi, nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi ma xylenes, ammonia ndi amides, opangidwa ndi mafakitale a petrochemical kudzera munjira zosiyanasiyana zolekanitsa mankhwala organic ndi mankhwala mankhwala.
Kupanga mafuta othira mafuta. Pa mbiya iliyonse yamafuta oyenga bwino, akuti 50% amapangidwa ndi mabala a parafini kapena naphthenic, ndiye kuti, mafuta ochulukirachulukira omwe amapangira mafuta osungunulira omwe amafunsa kuti azigwiritsa ntchito makina osiyanasiyana, monga injini zamagalimoto, Mwachitsanzo. Mafuta awa amatha kukhala amchere (ochokera ku petroleum) kapena othandizira (opezeka mu labotore, kuchokera ku petroleum kapena kwina).
Kupeza zofunikira ku labotale. Zotulutsa zambiri zamakampani amafuta m'magawo ake osiyanasiyana sizingagwiritsidwe ntchito nthawi yomweyo, koma zimathandizira pantchito zama laboratories amitundu mitundu. Kutheka kupeza sulfa, haidrojeni, nayitrogeni kapena ena zinthu zamagulu Zinthu zoyambirira zomwe zimayendetsedwa ndi ma hydrocarboni, kapena zotumphukira monga ammonia kapena ether, zimapangitsa mafuta kukhala magwero osatha a zopangira.
Kupeza dizilo. Amadziwikanso kuti dizilo, kapena m'njira yake yotchuka kwambiri: dizilo, mafuta amadzimadziwa amapangidwa ndi mafuta onse a parafini ndipo amakhala ndi mphamvu yaying'ono ngakhale amatentha pang'ono pang'ono kuposa mafuta. Chifukwa cha kuchulukaku, dizilo ndiwothandiza kwambiri komanso kuipitsa pang'ono kuposa izi, koma imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka ponyamula katundu ndi zombo.