Zamkati
Amatchulidwa aloyi njira yomwe zinthu ziwiri kapena zingapo, nthawi zambiri zachitsulo, zimaphatikizidwa kukhala chinthu chimodzi chomwe chimapeza zinthu zonse ziwiri. Makamaka ma alloys amalingaliridwa zosakaniza, popeza ma atomu azinthu zophatikizika samatulutsa, kupatula nthawi zina, zimachitikira mankhwala omwe amalumikiza ma atomu awo.
Nthawi zambiri, zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazitsulo ndizitsulo: chitsulo, aluminium, mkuwa, lead, ndi zina zambiri, koma a zachitsulo chosakhala chachitsulo: kaboni, sulfure, arsenic, phosphorous, ndi zina zambiri.
Komabe, zinthu zomwe zimadza chifukwa cha kusakaniza nthawi zonse zimakhala ndizitsulo zazitsulo (kuwala, amayendetsa Kutentha ndi magetsi, kumakhala kovuta kapena kocheperako, kocheperako, pang'ono kapena pang'ono ductility, etc.), kusinthidwa kapena kulimbikitsidwa ndi zowonjezera za chinthu china.
Mitundu ya kasakaniza wazitsulo
Nthawi zambiri zimasiyanitsidwa ndi ma alloys kutengera kutengera kwa chinthu chimodzi kuposa ena (mwachitsanzo, ma alloys amkuwa), komanso Amagawidwa malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimakhudzidwa, zomwe ndi:
- Zowonjezera. Amapangidwa ndi zinthu ziwiri (zoyambira ndi zophatikizira).
- Ternary. Amapangidwa ndi zinthu zitatu (zoyambira ndi ma alloys awiri).
- Zolemba. Zimapangidwa ndi zinthu zinayi (zoyambira ndi ma alloys atatu).
- Zovuta. Zimapangidwa ndi zinthu zisanu kapena kupitilira apo (zoyambira ndi ma alloys anayi kapena kupitilira apo).
Chigawo china chotheka amasiyanitsa pakati pa kasakaniza wazitsulo zolemera ndi zopepuka, malingana ndi zomwe zimayambira pachitsulo chachitsulo. Chifukwa chake, ma alloys a aluminium adzakhala opepuka, koma ma alloys azitsulo adzakhala olemera.
Aloyi katundu
Makhalidwe enieni a aloyi aliwonse zimadalira zinthu zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndikusakanikirana, komanso pamlingo womwe ulipo pakati pawo.
Chifukwa chake, powonjezera zowonjezera zowonjezera, zina mwazomwe zimayambira zimasinthidwa mochulukirapo, ndikupweteketsa ena. Chiwerengerochi, kutengera aloyi, chimatha kusiyanasiyana pakati pa magawo ochepa (0.2 mpaka 2%) kapena chowonekera kwambiri mkati mwa chisakanizo.
Zitsanzo za kasakaniza wazitsulo
- Zitsulo. Aloyi imeneyi ndi yofunika kwambiri pa ntchito yomangamanga, chifukwa imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga matabwa kapena zogwirizira kutsanulira konkire kapena konkire. Ndi chinthu chosagwedezeka komanso chosavuta kupangidwa, chopangidwa ndi aloyi wachitsulo ndi kaboni, makamaka, ngakhale itha kukhalanso ndi silicon, sulufule ndi mpweya wazing'ono pang'ono. Kukhalapo kwa kaboni kumapangitsa chitsulo kugonjetsedwa ndi dzimbiri komanso chowopsya nthawi yomweyo, kotero nthawi zambiri chimadutsa gawo lochepa kwambiri. Malinga ndi kupezeka kwa chinthu chomalizachi, zida zonse zogwiritsidwa ntchito zimapezeka.
- Mkuwa. Izi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'makampani opanga zidebe, makamaka zomwe zimapangidwira chakudya chosawonongeka, komanso kuikira mipope ndi matepi apakhomo. Ipezeka kuchokera ku aloyi wamkuwa ndi zinc, ndi ductile kwambiri ndipo imatha kuwunikira ndipo imawala mosavuta ikapukutidwa. Malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu, ndizotheka kupeza mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinthu: zocheperako kapena zosagonjetsedwa ndi okusayidi, osalimba pang'ono, ndi zina zambiri.
- Mkuwa. Mkuwa unachita gawo lofunikira kwambiri m'mbiri ya anthu, monga zida zopangira zida, zida ndi zinthu zamwambo. Mabelu ambiri amapangidwa ndi izi, komanso ndalama zambiri, mendulo, zifanizo zadziko ndi zida zosiyanasiyana zapakhomo, kugwiritsa ntchito kuthekera kwake kwakukulu komanso chuma chake kuchokera mkuwa ndi malata.
- Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri. Chitsulo chosiyanasiyana chachitsulo (chitsulo cha kaboni) chimayamikiridwa chifukwa cha kukana kwake kwakukulu, ndikupangitsa kukhala koyenera kupanga zinthu zakakhitchini, ziwalo zamagalimoto, ndi zida zamankhwala. Kuti mupeze chitsulo ichi, chromium ndi nickel amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu aloyi ndi chitsulo.
- Amalgam. Pogwiritsidwa ntchito moona mtima chifukwa cha mercury zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zowopsa m'thupi la munthu, kudzazidwa kwachitsulo kumeneku kunkagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chotsekera mano ndi madokotala a mano. Ndi aloyi wa siliva, malata, mkuwa ndi mercury muzinthu zopanga zinthu zomwe zimauma zikauma.
- Zamgululi. Duralumin ndi chitsulo chopepuka komanso chosagwedezeka, chomwe chimagwiritsa ntchito mkuwa ndi aluminiyamu, yomwe aloyi ndi chida. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'makampani opanga ndege ndi ena omwe amafuna kuwala, kosavuta komanso kosagwira dzimbiri.
- Pewter. Zopangidwa ndi aloyi wa zinc, lead, malata ndi antimony, ndichinthu chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kale pakupanga zinthu zakakhitchini (makapu, mbale, miphika, ndi zina zambiri) chifukwa cha kuchepa kwake komanso kutentha kwake. Imatha kusunthika, malo omwe mosakayikira amalandira kuchokera pakulimba kwapadera kwa mtovu.
- Golide woyera. Zodzikongoletsera zambiri (mphete, mikanda, etc.) ndi zinthu zokongoletsera zimapangidwa ndi zomwe zimatchedwa golide woyera: chitsulo chowala kwambiri, chonyezimira komanso chamtengo wapatali chomwe chimapezeka polemba golide, mkuwa, faifi tambala ndi zinc. Ndi abwino kupanga miyala yamtengo wapatali yopepuka kuposa golide woyenga bwino, komanso imakupatsani mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito zochepa mchere zamtengo wapatali, kukwaniritsa zinthu zotsika mtengo.
- Magnalium. Chitsulo china chomwe chimafunidwa kwambiri ndi makampani opanga magalimoto ndi kumalongeza, popeza ngakhale ali otsika kwambiri imakhala yolimba, yolimba komanso yolimba. Amapezeka ndi alloying aluminium yokhala ndi magnesium (pafupifupi 10%).
- Chitsulo cha Wood. Chitsulo ichi chidatchulidwa ndi dokotala wamazinyo Barnabás Wood, yemwe adamupanga, ndipo ndi aloyi wa 50% bismuth, 25% lead, 12.5% malata, ndi 12.5% cadmium. Ngakhale ali ndi poyizoni, chifukwa cha kutsogolera ndi cadmium yomwe ili nayo, imagwiritsidwa ntchito musungunuka ndi ma welds, kutulutsa mpweya womwe suyenera kutulutsa mpweya. Masiku ano, komabe, pali njira zochepa poizoni zomwe mungagwiritse ntchito.
- Field Chitsulo. Aloyi ya bismuth (32.5%), indium (51%) ndi malata (16.5%) amakhala amadzimadzi pa 60 ° C, chifukwa chake amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mafakitale ndikuwotcha, kapena ngati chosakhala poizoni m'malo mwa chitsulo cha Wood.
- Galinstano. Chimodzi mwazitsulo zomwe adayeserapo m'malo mwa ma alloys ndi mercury (poizoni), ndi aloyi wa gallium, indium ndi malata. Ndiwotentha kutentha ndipo samawonetsanso pang'ono komanso ndi wandiweyani kuposa mercury. Ilinso ndi ntchito ngati firiji.
- Rose Chitsulo. Amadziwikanso kuti Rose aloyi Ndi chitsulo chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakuwotcherera ndi kusakanikirana, chinthu chomwe chimapangidwa ndi aloyi wa bismuth (50%), lead (25%) ndi malata (25%).
- NaK. Amadziwika ndi dzinali ndi aloyi wa sodium (Na) ndi potaziyamu (K), chinthu chopatsa mphamvu kwambiri, chomwe chimatha kutulutsa mphamvu zambiri za caloric (zovuta). Magalamu angapo ndi okwanira, polumikizana ndi mpweya womwe uli mumlengalenga ndi okwanira kuyatsa moto. Ngakhale zili choncho, aloyi ndimadzi kutentha komanso amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chothandizira, refrigerant kapena mafakitale desiccant.
- Chofunika. Chitsulo chosakanizira cha cobalt (65%), chromium (25%) ndi molybdenum (6%) komanso zinthu zina zazing'ono (chitsulo, faifi tambala), idapangidwa koyamba mu 1932 ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri chifukwa cha kuunika kwake komanso kukana kwambiri dzimbiri ndi kutentha. Amapangidwa ndi zida zofunikira zopangira opaleshoni, makina oyankhira kapena zipinda zoyaka.
