Zamkati
Pulogalamu ya zachitukuko, malinga ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi anthropology, ali malingaliro owongolera machitidwe amunthu omwe amapangidwa kuchokera pagulu komanso omwe ali kunja kwa munthu aliyense, mokakamiza komanso mogwirizana. Ndiye, zamakhalidwe ndi malingaliro omwe anthu amakhala nawo pagulu.
Lingaliro ili lidapangidwa ndi katswiri wazikhalidwe zaku France Émile Durkheim mu 1895, ndipo akuganiza kuti mawonekedwe amitundu iliyonse amasinthidwa, kumukakamiza kuti amve, aganizire ndi kuchita zinthu mwanjira inayake, mofanana ndi anthu ammudzi.
Phunziro limatha, komabe, kutsutsa udindo wophatikizikawu, ndikulimbitsa mawonekedwe ake komanso umunthu wake, monga ojambula. Komabe, kutha kwa mfundo zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu kumatha kukhala ndi zotsatirapo kwa iwo, monga kuletsa ena kapena, kutengera mtundu wa anthu, kusavomerezeka ndi chilango.
Mitundu yazikhalidwe
Chikhalidwe chazikhalidwe chitha kugawidwa malinga ndi magulu atatu:
- Makhalidwe Abwino. Iwo omwe amapanga gulu ndikuwongolera kutenga nawo mbali kwa anthu m'malo awo osiyanasiyana.
- Mabungwe. Zokhudza chikhalidwe zomwe zili kale mgulu la anthu ndipo ndi gawo lodziwika m'moyo.
- Zotsatira zamalingaliro. Amamvera mafashoni azocheperako kapena amakono, kapena omwe amapeza mphamvu zocheperako kutengera nthawi ya anthu ammudzi, ndikukakamiza anthu kuti azikhala ogonjera potengera china chake.
Izi ndizodziwika bwino nthawi zonse ndi anthu onse ammudzimo, kugawana nawo kapena ayi, ndipo amadziyikira ulemu kwa iwo, kapena motsutsana, popanda kukambirana kale m'njira iliyonse. Mwanjira imeneyi, njirayi imathandizidwanso: zochitika pamagulu zimakhudza anthu ndi anthu kupanga ndikukhala ndi chikhalidwe..
Pomaliza, kuchokera pamalingaliro ena, mbali zonse zakugonjera kwaumunthu: chilankhulo, chipembedzo, chikhalidwe, zikhalidwe, ndizochitika pagulu zomwe zimapatsa munthu kukhala m'dera limodzi.
Onaninso: Zitsanzo zamakhalidwe
Zitsanzo zazikhalidwe
- Kuwombera pambuyo pa ntchito. Khalidwe lazikhalidwe lomwe limavomerezedwa ndikulimbikitsidwa pambuyo pachithupi china ndi kuwombera m'manja pagulu, ndipo ndichitsanzo changwiro komanso chosavuta chazikhalidwe. Opezekapo adzadziwa nthawi yowomba m'manja ndi momwe angachitire, popanda wina kuwafotokozera pakadali panoadangotengedwa ndi khamulo. Osati kuwombera m'manja, kumbali ina, kungatengedwe ngati chizindikiro chonyoza mchitidwewo.
- Kuwoloka kwa Akatolika. Mwa gulu la Akatolika, mtanda ndi gawo lophunziridwa komanso lokhazikitsidwa pamiyambo, yomwe simangochitika kumapeto kwa Misa kapena nthawi zina zosonyezedwa ndi wansembe wa parishi, komanso imachitika nthawi yayikulu pamoyo watsiku ndi tsiku: pamaso pa nkhani zoipa, ngati chitetezo chachitetezo chochititsa chidwi, ndi zina zambiri. Palibe amene ayenera kuwauza nthawi yochitira izi, ndi gawo chabe lakumverera kophunziridwa.
- Zachikhalidwe. Kukonda dziko lako, kudzipereka kuzizindikiro zakukonda dziko lako, ndi machitidwe ena okonda dziko lako zimalimbikitsidwa poyera ndi magulu ambiri poyankha malingaliro amalingaliro onyoza okha. Zonsezi, chauvinism (kukonda kwambiri dziko) kapena malinchismo (kunyoza chilichonse chadziko) zimapanga mfundo zachitukuko.
- Zisankho. Njira zoyendetsera zisankho ndizofunikira pamakhalidwe azikhalidwe zadziko la Republican, ndichifukwa chake zimakakamizidwa ndi maboma ngati gawo lofunika kwambiri pakutenga nawo mbali pandale, nthawi zambiri kumakhala kovomerezeka.. Kusatenga nawo gawo nawo, ngakhale sikukhala ndi zilango zovomerezeka, kuvomerezedwa ndi ena.
- Ziwonetsero kapena ziwonetsero. Njira ina yomwe nzika zonse zikutenga nawo mbali ndikuchita ziwonetsero nthawi zambiri amachokera paganizo laling'ono kapena gulu kenako amanyamuka kukalimbikitsa ndi kulimbikitsa malingaliro am'magulu, nthawi zina amawakakamiza kuchita zinthu mosasamala (kuponyera miyala apolisi), kudziwonetsera okha kuponderezana kapena kuphwanya malamulo (monga kubera).
- Nkhondo ndi mikangano yankhondo. Chikhalidwe chofunikira kwambiri m'mbiri ya anthu ndi nkhondo ndi mikangano, mwatsoka. Izi zachiwawa zosakhalitsa zimasintha magulu onse azamakhalidwe, azamalamulo komanso andale komanso kumalimbikitsa anthu kuti azichita zinthu m'njira zina.: omenyera nkhondo komanso oletsa anzawo, ngati ankhondo, kapena osakhazikika komanso odzikonda, monga momwe zilili ndi anthu omwe atsekeredwa m'malo okhala nkhondo.
- Coups d'etat. Kusintha kwachiwawa kwa boma ndi zikhalidwe zakunja kwa anthu zomwe zimapangitsa malingaliro enaMwachitsanzo, chisangalalo ndi mpumulo pa kugonjetsedwa kwa wolamulira mwankhanza, za chiyembekezo pakubwera kwa gulu losintha, kapena kukhumudwa ndi mantha maboma osafunikira atayamba.
- Chiwawa m'mizinda. M'mayiko ambiri okhala ndi malire achiwawa, monga Mexico, Venezuela, Colombia, ndi zina zambiri. milingo yayikulu yamilandu imapanga chikhalidwe cha anthu, kuyambira omwe amasintha momwe anthu amamvera, amaganiza komanso kuchita, nthawi zambiri amawakakamiza kukhala m'malo opitilira muyeso ndikuloleza kupezedwa kwa zigawenga kapena malingaliro achiwawa mofananamo omwe amakana.
- Mavuto azachuma. Zomwe zimayambitsa mavuto azachuma, zomwe zimasintha kwambiri momwe anthu amagwirira ntchito malonda, ndizomwe zimachitika zimakhudza kwambiri kutengeka mtima (kutulutsa zokhumudwitsa, zokhumudwitsa, mkwiyo), malingaliro (kufunafuna olakwa, kuopa anthu obwera kuchokera kumayiko ena kumakhalapo) ndikuchita (kuvotera ofuna kulowa pagulu, kudya pang'ono, ndi zina zambiri) za anthu omwe akhudzidwa.
- Zauchifwamba. Zochita za magulu achigawenga m'magulu olinganizidwa zimakhudza kwambiri zinthu, zomwe tidaziwona ku Europe koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 21: kuyambiranso kwa mapiko akumanja, mantha ndi kunyoza alendo, Islamophobia, mwachidule, malingaliro osiyanasiyana omwe amakakamizidwa kwa munthuyo osati zokhazokha zokhazokha, komanso kuchokera pazokambirana zonse zofalitsa.
- Itha kukutumikirani: Zitsanzo za Zochitika Pagulu
